The present Doctoral Project investigates the Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that induces plasticity in healthy and clinical conditions. Chapters I and II provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of the use of the PAS protocol: starting from the original paradigm (M1-PAS) consisting of slow-rate repetitive low-frequency median nerve stimulation combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) to its most recent developments, illustrating their neurophysiological, behavioural and clinical effects in healthy individuals and stroke patients. The experimental Chapters present a series of studies aimed at deepening our understanding of the effect of a visuo-motor PAS (vm-PAS) protocol that pairs TMS pulses over M1 with visual action stimuli in a time-locked manner and induces timing-dependent plasticity in the Action Observation Network (AON). In particular, the first study aims to shed light on the behavioural effects of vm-PAS in 30 healthy subjects, specifically in induced changes in the automatic imitation phenomenon, a behavioural marker of the AON functioning. The results supported the efficacy of the vm-PAS for promoting the emergence of new visuo-motor associations in the AON also at the behavioural level, resulting in a facilitation of the imitation of the conditioned visual hand movements by vm-PAS. The second experimental study investigated the neurophysiological and behavioural effects of the vm-PAS for driving upper-limb motor recovery in 20 stroke patients. In the vm-PAS experimental session, the action observation of paretic hand grasping was paired with TMS pulses over the ipsilesional M1. In the control session, the M1-PAS protocol was used. The two PAS protocols resulted in distinct muscle-specific enhancements of corticospinal excitability: vm-PAS increased the Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) recorded from the hand paretic muscles (i.e., first dorsal interosseous), associated with the grasping action observed during vm-PAS, while M1-PAS increased MEPs from the forearm paretic muscles (i.e., extensor carpi radialis, the muscle stimulated electrically) only. The efficacy of vm-PAS correlated positively with the chronicity of hemiparesis. Neither protocol significantly impacted voluntary wrist movements after a single session, and no motor resonance enhancement was observed. To better clarify the last negative result and to delve into the motor resonance properties, I conducted a further experiment in the healthy population to optimise the action observation paradigms (e.g., the vm-PAS) in experimental and clinical settings. I delve into the properties of motor resonance during grasping movements observation, with a particular focus on the type of visual stimulus observed (intransitive -without any functional goal-, transitive -a hand grasping an object- and a “social grasp” towards another person, a handshake) and the timing dependency of the motor resonance. I have studied how the motor resonance changes according to the different Inter-Stimulus Intervals between the onset of the observed movement and the single-pulse TMS applied over the M1. 34 healthy subjects completed an action observation task in one session. Results showed a muscle-specific motor resonance effect at 200 ms from the observed action onset, but selectively for the social grasp. This effect was positively correlated with observers’ emotional empathy scores. This evidence highlights the social side of motor resonance and its dependency on temporal factors. In conclusion, the results of my Doctoral Thesis demonstrate the efficacy of the vm-PAS protocol in both healthy individuals and stroke populations, harnessing the plastic mechanisms of the AON network. This thesis lays the groundwork for future research in neuroscience and clinical settings, providing new therapeutic opportunities for patients.
Il presente Progetto di Dottorato ha come oggetto una tecnica di stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva conosciuta come Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS) che porta all’induzione di plasticità sia in soggetti sani che nella popolazione clinica. Il I e il II capitolo offrono una panoramica dello stato dell'arte sull'uso del protocollo PAS: partendo dal paradigma originale (M1-PAS), costituito dalla stimolazione accoppiata periferica a bassa frequenza del nervo mediano combinata con la stimolazione magnetica transcranica (TMS) sulla corteccia motoria primaria (M1), fino ai suoi sviluppi più recenti, illustrandone gli effetti neurofisiologici e clinici sia nei sani che in pazienti colpiti da ictus. I capitoli sperimentali presentano una serie di studi sull'effetto di un nuovo PAS visuo-motorio (vm-PAS) che accoppia impulsi TMS su M1 con stimoli visivi di azioni, inducendo plasticità nel network dei neuroni mirror. In particolare, il primo studio mira a far luce sugli effetti comportamentali del vm-PAS su 30 soggetti sani, sui cambiamenti indotti nell'imitazione automatica, un indicatore comportamentale del funzionamento del sistema mirror. I risultati confermano l'efficacia del vm-PAS nel promuovere una nuova associazione visuo-motoria anche a livello comportamentale, determinando una facilitazione dell'imitazione dei movimenti della mano condizionati dal vm-PAS. Il secondo studio ha indagato gli effetti neurofisiologici e comportamentali del vm-PAS per il recupero motorio dell’arto superiore in 20 pazienti con ictus. Nella sessione sperimentale del vm-PAS, l'osservazione delle azioni di prensione della mano paretica è stata accoppiata con impulsi TMS su M1 ipsilesionale. Nella sessione di controllo, è stato utilizzato il protocollo standard M1-PAS. I due protocolli PAS hanno portato a distinti effetti muscolo-specifici dell'eccitabilità corticospinale: il vm-PAS ha aumentato i potenziali evocati motori (PEM) registrati nella mano paretica (ovvero, il primo interosseo dorsale), associato all'azione di presa osservata durante il vm-PAS, mentre il M1-PAS ha aumentato i PEM dai muscoli dell'avambraccio paretico (ovvero, l'estensore radiale del carpo, il muscolo stimolato elettricamente). L'efficacia del vm-PAS ha mostrato una correlazione positiva con la cronicità dell'emiparesi. Nessuno dei due protocolli ha avuto un impatto significativo sul movimento volontario dopo una singola sessione, e non è stato osservato alcun potenziamento della risonanza motoria nei pazienti. Per chiarire meglio quest’ultimo risultato negativo ho condotto un ulteriore esperimento per ottimizzare i paradigmi di action observation (come il vm-PAS) in contesti sperimentali e clinici. Mi sono concentrata sulle proprietà della risonanza motoria durante l'osservazione dei movimenti di presa in relazione alla dipendenza temporale del fenomeno della risonanza motoria e al tipo di stimolo visivo osservato (intransitivo -senza scopo funzionale-, transitivo -una mano che afferra un oggetto- e un “social grasping” verso un’altra persona, i.e., una stretta di mano). Ho studiato come la risonanza motoria cambia in base ai diversi intervalli temporali tra l'inizio del movimento osservato e l’impulso TMS a singolo impulso applicato su M1. 34 soggetti sani hanno partecipato al compito di action observation task in una singola sessione. I risultati hanno mostrato un effetto muscolo-specifico della risonanza motoria a 200 ms dall'inizio dell'azione osservata, selettivamente per il social grasping. Questo effetto si è mostrato correlato al livello di empatia degli osservatori. In conclusione, i risultati della mia Tesi di Dottorato dimostrano l'efficacia del protocollo vm-PAS sia in individui sani che colpiti da ictus, sfruttando i meccanismi plastici dell’action observation network. Questa Tesi getta le basi per future ricerche sia in ambito neuroscientifico che clinico, con l’obiettivo di offrire nuove opportunità terapeutiche ai pazienti.
(2025). Paired Associative Stimulation: a visuomotor protocol targeting motor resonance and post-stroke motor recovery.. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
Paired Associative Stimulation: a visuomotor protocol targeting motor resonance and post-stroke motor recovery.
PICARDI, MICHELA
2025
Abstract
The present Doctoral Project investigates the Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that induces plasticity in healthy and clinical conditions. Chapters I and II provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of the use of the PAS protocol: starting from the original paradigm (M1-PAS) consisting of slow-rate repetitive low-frequency median nerve stimulation combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) to its most recent developments, illustrating their neurophysiological, behavioural and clinical effects in healthy individuals and stroke patients. The experimental Chapters present a series of studies aimed at deepening our understanding of the effect of a visuo-motor PAS (vm-PAS) protocol that pairs TMS pulses over M1 with visual action stimuli in a time-locked manner and induces timing-dependent plasticity in the Action Observation Network (AON). In particular, the first study aims to shed light on the behavioural effects of vm-PAS in 30 healthy subjects, specifically in induced changes in the automatic imitation phenomenon, a behavioural marker of the AON functioning. The results supported the efficacy of the vm-PAS for promoting the emergence of new visuo-motor associations in the AON also at the behavioural level, resulting in a facilitation of the imitation of the conditioned visual hand movements by vm-PAS. The second experimental study investigated the neurophysiological and behavioural effects of the vm-PAS for driving upper-limb motor recovery in 20 stroke patients. In the vm-PAS experimental session, the action observation of paretic hand grasping was paired with TMS pulses over the ipsilesional M1. In the control session, the M1-PAS protocol was used. The two PAS protocols resulted in distinct muscle-specific enhancements of corticospinal excitability: vm-PAS increased the Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) recorded from the hand paretic muscles (i.e., first dorsal interosseous), associated with the grasping action observed during vm-PAS, while M1-PAS increased MEPs from the forearm paretic muscles (i.e., extensor carpi radialis, the muscle stimulated electrically) only. The efficacy of vm-PAS correlated positively with the chronicity of hemiparesis. Neither protocol significantly impacted voluntary wrist movements after a single session, and no motor resonance enhancement was observed. To better clarify the last negative result and to delve into the motor resonance properties, I conducted a further experiment in the healthy population to optimise the action observation paradigms (e.g., the vm-PAS) in experimental and clinical settings. I delve into the properties of motor resonance during grasping movements observation, with a particular focus on the type of visual stimulus observed (intransitive -without any functional goal-, transitive -a hand grasping an object- and a “social grasp” towards another person, a handshake) and the timing dependency of the motor resonance. I have studied how the motor resonance changes according to the different Inter-Stimulus Intervals between the onset of the observed movement and the single-pulse TMS applied over the M1. 34 healthy subjects completed an action observation task in one session. Results showed a muscle-specific motor resonance effect at 200 ms from the observed action onset, but selectively for the social grasp. This effect was positively correlated with observers’ emotional empathy scores. This evidence highlights the social side of motor resonance and its dependency on temporal factors. In conclusion, the results of my Doctoral Thesis demonstrate the efficacy of the vm-PAS protocol in both healthy individuals and stroke populations, harnessing the plastic mechanisms of the AON network. This thesis lays the groundwork for future research in neuroscience and clinical settings, providing new therapeutic opportunities for patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_870083.pdf
embargo fino al 12/02/2028
Descrizione: PhD thesis_Picardi Michela_Paired Associative Stimulation:a visuomotor protocol targeting motor resonance and post-stroke motor recovery
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