Nanoplastics (NPs) are plastic items ranging in size between 1 and 1000 nm which originate from the environmental fragmentation of larger plastic items. The environmental issue of NPs is of significant concern. Despite the increasing research interest, there are still existing knowledge gaps that hamper the realization of a proper environmental risk assessment of NPs. The main limitations are related to the lack of methodologies for the detection of NP environmental levels and the absence of data regarding the effects induced by the multitude of NP polymers and shapes present in the environment. The present thesis addresses some of these gaps by providing new insights into the current lack of knowledge. Regarding the effects of NPs, the available data are limited to those concerning engineered polystyrene (PS) nanospheres. To provide data to help establish whether different polymers exhibit comparable toxicity to PS, this thesis evaluated the sublethal effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of PS-NPs and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) NPs on the freshwater model species Daphnia magna. In contrast to PS, PVC increased the amount of reactive oxygen species and stimulated the swimming behaviour of D. magna after 48 hours of exposure. Furthermore, after 21 days of exposure, PVC induced morphological, physiological, and reproductive alterations. In particular, the observed delay in reaching sexual maturity induced by PVC-NPs raise concerns regarding the potential for threats to D. magna populations in real ecosystems. Furthermore, since there is still a lack of evidence regarding the effects of plastic nanofibers in aquatic organisms, this thesis provides an evaluation of the impact of polypropylene (PP) micro- and nanofibres (MNFs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater model species. Environmentally relevant concentrations of PP-MNFs induced morphological alterations in D. rerio individuals, with transcriptomic data suggesting neurodevelopment alterations and an energy stress state. Based on the reported results, the importance of investigating the effect of different NP polymers and different NP shapes has been highlighted, suggesting that the exclusive use of PS nanospheres is insufficient for the comprehensive understanding of the risks to which organisms are subjected in the environment. The present thesis also focused on the detection of NPs in the environment, through the validation and application of a methodology to detect NPs in chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) from glacial habitats. Chironomids of the genus Diamesa are the primary and even exclusive insect colonizing glacial environments. Since NP contamination has been recently discovered in these remote systems, the presence of NP in larvae of two chironomid species colonizing two Italian high-altitude glacier-fed streams was investigated. A recently proposed analytical method developed by the Joint Research Centre (European Commission, Ispra, Italy) was applied and adapted to chironomids. The procedure comprise a combination of enzymatic and oxidative digestion followed by a purification step in ethanol to enable on-chip identification by Raman spectroscopic analysis. The results highlighted the presence of PS-NPs in one of the investigated samples: to the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of bioaccumulation of NP in alpine insects, suggesting chironomids as possible sentinels for NP pollution in glacial headwaters. Furthermore, the work highlighted that the confocal Raman spectroscopy is effective in the analysis of NPs in aquatic insects. In conclusion, the present thesis has provided useful data that can be considered in future research for a better understanding of the environmental contamination of NPs.
Le nanoplastiche (NPs) sono oggetti di plastica di dimensioni comprese tra 1 e 1000 nm che derivano dalla frammentazione ambientale di oggetti di plastica più grandi. Il problema ambientale delle NP è preoccupante. Nonostante il crescente interesse della ricerca, esistono ancora lacune conoscitive che ostacolano la realizzazione di una corretta valutazione del rischio ambientale delle NPs. Le principali limitazioni sono legate alla mancanza di metodologie per la quantificazione dei livelli ambientali di NPs e all'assenza di dati relativi agli effetti indotti dalla moltitudine di polimeri e forme di NPs presenti in ambiente. La presente tesi affronta alcune di queste lacune, fornendo nuovi spunti di riflessione sull'attuale mancanza di tali conoscenze. Per quanto riguarda gli effetti delle NPs, i dati disponibili sono limitati a nanosfere di polistirene (PS) ingegnerizzate. Per fornire dati che aiutino a stabilire se diversi polimeri presentino una tossicità paragonabile a quella del PS, la presente tesi ha valutato gli effetti subletali di concentrazioni ambientalmente realistiche di PS-NPs e NPs di polivinilcloruro (PVC) sulla specie modello d'acqua dolce Daphnia magna. A differenza del PS, il PVC ha aumentato la quantità di specie reattive dell'ossigeno e ha stimolato il comportamento natatorio di D. magna dopo 48 ore di esposizione. Inoltre, dopo 21 giorni di esposizione, il PVC ha indotto alterazioni morfologiche, fisiologiche e riproduttive. In particolare, il ritardo osservato nel raggiungimento della maturità sessuale solleva preoccupazioni riguardo a potenziali minacce per le popolazioni di D. magna negli ecosistemi reali. Inoltre, data la mancanza di evidenze sugli effetti di nanofibre plastiche in organismi acquatici, questa tesi fornisce una valutazione dell'impatto di micro e nano fibre di polipropilene (PP-MNFs) su zebrafish (Danio rerio), specie modello d'acqua dolce. Concentrazioni ambientali rilevanti di PP-MNFs hanno indotto alterazioni morfologiche negli individui di D. rerio, con dati di trascrittomica che suggeriscono alterazioni nel neurosviluppo e uno stato di stress energetico. E’ stata pertanto evidenziata l'importanza di studiare l'effetto di diversi polimeri e forme di NPs, suggerendo che l'uso esclusivo di nanosfere di PS sia insufficiente per una comprensione adeguata dei rischi a cui gli organismi sono sottoposti in ambiente. La presente tesi si è concentrata anche sul rilevamento ambientale di NPs, attraverso la validazione e l'applicazione di una metodologia per il rilevamento di NPs in chironomidi (Diptera, Chironomidae) provenienti da habitat glaciali. I chironomidi del genere Diamesa sono i principali e persino esclusivi insetti che colonizzano gli ambienti glaciali. Poiché la contaminazione da NPs è stata recentemente scoperta in questi sistemi remoti, è stata indagata la presenza di NPs nelle larve di due specie di chironomidi che colonizzano torrenti italiani alimentati da ghiacciai di alta quota. Un metodo analitico recentemente proposto dal Joint Research Centre (Commissione Europea, Ispra, Italia) è stato applicato e adattato ai chironomidi. La procedura comprende una combinazione di digestione enzimatica e ossidativa seguita da una fase di purificazione in etanolo per consentire l'identificazione su chip mediante analisi spettroscopica Raman. I risultati hanno evidenziato la presenza di PS-NPs in uno dei campioni analizzati: per quanto ne sappiamo, questa è la prima prova di bioaccumulo di NP in insetti alpini, suggerendo i chironomidi come possibili sentinelle per l'inquinamento da NP nelle sorgenti glaciali. Il lavoro ha inoltre evidenziato che la spettroscopia Raman confocale è efficace nell'analisi delle NP negli insetti acquatici. In conclusione, la presente tesi ha fornito dati utili che possono essere presi in considerazione in ricerche future per una migliore comprensione della contaminazione ambientale da NPs.
(2025). The environmental impact of nanoplastics: evaluation of their effects on different aquatic species and first insights into their occurrence in wild organisms. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
The environmental impact of nanoplastics: evaluation of their effects on different aquatic species and first insights into their occurrence in wild organisms
MASSERONI, ANDREA
2025
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) are plastic items ranging in size between 1 and 1000 nm which originate from the environmental fragmentation of larger plastic items. The environmental issue of NPs is of significant concern. Despite the increasing research interest, there are still existing knowledge gaps that hamper the realization of a proper environmental risk assessment of NPs. The main limitations are related to the lack of methodologies for the detection of NP environmental levels and the absence of data regarding the effects induced by the multitude of NP polymers and shapes present in the environment. The present thesis addresses some of these gaps by providing new insights into the current lack of knowledge. Regarding the effects of NPs, the available data are limited to those concerning engineered polystyrene (PS) nanospheres. To provide data to help establish whether different polymers exhibit comparable toxicity to PS, this thesis evaluated the sublethal effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of PS-NPs and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) NPs on the freshwater model species Daphnia magna. In contrast to PS, PVC increased the amount of reactive oxygen species and stimulated the swimming behaviour of D. magna after 48 hours of exposure. Furthermore, after 21 days of exposure, PVC induced morphological, physiological, and reproductive alterations. In particular, the observed delay in reaching sexual maturity induced by PVC-NPs raise concerns regarding the potential for threats to D. magna populations in real ecosystems. Furthermore, since there is still a lack of evidence regarding the effects of plastic nanofibers in aquatic organisms, this thesis provides an evaluation of the impact of polypropylene (PP) micro- and nanofibres (MNFs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater model species. Environmentally relevant concentrations of PP-MNFs induced morphological alterations in D. rerio individuals, with transcriptomic data suggesting neurodevelopment alterations and an energy stress state. Based on the reported results, the importance of investigating the effect of different NP polymers and different NP shapes has been highlighted, suggesting that the exclusive use of PS nanospheres is insufficient for the comprehensive understanding of the risks to which organisms are subjected in the environment. The present thesis also focused on the detection of NPs in the environment, through the validation and application of a methodology to detect NPs in chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) from glacial habitats. Chironomids of the genus Diamesa are the primary and even exclusive insect colonizing glacial environments. Since NP contamination has been recently discovered in these remote systems, the presence of NP in larvae of two chironomid species colonizing two Italian high-altitude glacier-fed streams was investigated. A recently proposed analytical method developed by the Joint Research Centre (European Commission, Ispra, Italy) was applied and adapted to chironomids. The procedure comprise a combination of enzymatic and oxidative digestion followed by a purification step in ethanol to enable on-chip identification by Raman spectroscopic analysis. The results highlighted the presence of PS-NPs in one of the investigated samples: to the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of bioaccumulation of NP in alpine insects, suggesting chironomids as possible sentinels for NP pollution in glacial headwaters. Furthermore, the work highlighted that the confocal Raman spectroscopy is effective in the analysis of NPs in aquatic insects. In conclusion, the present thesis has provided useful data that can be considered in future research for a better understanding of the environmental contamination of NPs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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