Adaptive Laboratory Evolution and Carbon/Nitrogen Imbalance Promote High-Yield Ammonia Release in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ammonia, essential for fertilizers and energy storage, is mainly produced through the energy-demanding Haber–Bosch process. Microbial production offers a sustainable alternative, but natural yeast cells have not yet demonstrated success. This study aimed to enhance ammonia production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by optimizing amino acid utilization through its deamination metabolism. Adaptive laboratory evolution is a method for rapidly generating desirable phenotypes through metabolic and transcriptional reorganization. We applied it to the efficiently fermenting S. cerevisiae strain CEN.PK113-7D using an unbalanced carbon/nitrogen medium to impose selective pressure. We selected several evolved strains with a 3–5-fold increase in amino acid utilization and ammonia secretion. The multi-step bioreactor strategy of the evolved strain AAV6, supplemented with concentrated nitrogen sources, resulted in the production of 1.36 g/L of ammonia, a value in line with levels produced by other microbial systems. This proof-of-concept study suggests that yeast-based processes can be adapted straightforwardly to ammonia production from high-protein waste derived from several sources.