Obesity and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) are chronic relapsing disorders characterized by pathological craving. Evidence suggests that craving can be prompted by the exposure to food or drug-related cues, and that current non-invasive brain stimulation techniques can be used to down-regulate craving. However, there is limited available information about (i) the influence of internal and external factors on the neural responses to food and drug cues, and (ii) on the neurobiological mechanisms beyond non-invasive brain stimulation applied to obesity.In my thesis, I provide a systematic meta-analytical and fMRI investigation of these issues, demonstrating that several internal and external factors modulate the neural correlates of craving in obesity and SUD, and that excitatory deep TMS induces plastic changes in the neurofunctional brain organization in sample of obese individuals. In the general introduction (Chapter 1), I describe the core neural networks involved in food and drug craving, within a unitary framework that accounts for the influence of several internal and external factors that modulate the neural responses to cues, in both obesity and SUD. In Chapter 2, I combine a novel toolbox based on hierarchical clustering algorithm (Clustering the Brain, CluB) with the Activation Likelihood Estimation method to meta- analyze 22 studies on the influence of weight-status (healthy-weight vs. obese), sensory modality of stimulus presentation (visual vs. gustatory), and satiety state (hungry vs. satiated) on the neural responses to food cues. In particular, evidence from such main and interaction effects are taken as a benchmark to test the validity of the main neurocognitive theories of overeating and obesity. In Chapter 3, I use the same method to meta-analyze 64 neuroimaging studies on the influence of addiction severity (addiction to legal vs. illegal substances) and treatment status (treatment-seeking vs. not-seeking treatment) on the neural drug cue-reactivity in SUD. Evidence from the main and interactive effects will be taken as a benchmark to discuss one of the most influential theories on the influence of treatment status and drug availability on the neural responses to drug cues. An in-depth analysis of the meta-analytical method employed in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 is reported in Appendix A, where I describe two validation studies demonstrating that CluB can (i) reliably extract a set of spatially coherent clusters of activations from a database of stereotactic coordinates, and (ii) test for factor-specific clusters of convergent activation within designs that cannot be usually implemented in a meta-analytical study. In Chapter 4, I assess the neurofunctional changes associated with a 5-weeks deep rTMS treatment targeting the bilateral insular and prefrontal cortices to induce weight-loss and reducing food craving in a sample of 17 obese individuals undergoing excitatory (N=9) versus sham (N=8) stimulation. In particular, I apply a novel data-driven method on resting- state fMRI data to test that hypothesis that real, compared to sham, deep rTMS can induce plastic changes in the brain functional organization of key areas involved in food craving. Finally, I conclude with Chapter 5, where I integrate my findings into a unitary theoretical framework for the disorders of the motivation, discussing their implications for basic research and translational medicine.

L’obesità e il Disturbo da Uso di Sostanze (DUS) sono disturbi caratterizzati da ricadute croniche e dal desiderio incontrollabile di consumare la sostanza, o craving. La letteratura scientifica suggerisce che il craving può essere elicitato dall’esposizione ai cue e che le moderne tecniche non invasive di stimolazione cerebrale possono essere utilizzate per contrastarlo. Tuttavia, alcuni elementi che non sono stati sufficientemente esaminati dalla letteratura scientifica sull’argomento: (i) l’influenza di diversi fattori, interni ed esterni, sulle risposte neurali agli stimoli di cibo o droga; (ii) i meccanismi neurobiologici sottostanti gli interventi di stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva applicati all’obesità. Nella mia tesi propongo un’indagine sistematica di questi elementi mediante tecniche meta-analitiche e di functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), dimostrando che diversi fattori modulano le basi neurali del craving, e che la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica profonda (deep TMS) ad alta frequenza induce dei cambiamenti a livello dell’organizzazione funzionale cerebrale in un campione di pazienti obesi. Nell’introduzione generale (Capitolo 1), descrivo i circuiti neurali principali coinvolti nel craving per il cibo e per le sostanze, all’interno di una cornice teorica unitaria che considera l’influenza di diversi fattori interni ed esterni che modulano la risposta neurale ai cue, nell’obesità e nel DUS. Nel Capitolo 2, uso un nuovo toolbox basato su un algoritmo di clustering gerarchico (Clustering the Brain, CluB) combinandolo con il metodo Activation Likelihood Estimation, al fine di meta-analizzare 22 studi di neuroimmagine sull’influenza del peso (normopeso vs. obesi), della modalità sensoriale di presentazione del cue (visiva vs. gustativa) e della sazietà (a digiuno vs. sazietà) sulle risposte neurali agli stimoli di cibo. L’evidenza proveniente dagli effetti semplici e dalle interazioni fra questi fattori è stata interpretata in funzione delle principali teorie neurocognitive dell’obesità. Nel Capitolo 3 impiego lo stesso approccio metodologico per meta-analizzare 64 studi di neuroimmagine sull’influenza della severità della dipendenza (dipendenza da sostanze legali vs. illegali) e dello stato di trattamento (in cerca di trattamento vs. non in cerca) sulla reattività neurale agli stimoli visivi di droga in pazienti con DUS. L’evidenza proveniente dagli effetti semplici e dalle interazioni fra questi fattori è stata interpretata in funzione delle teorie più influenti circa l’effetto dello stato di trattamento e della disponibilità della sostanza sulle risposte neurali ai cue. Nell’Appendice A svolgo un’analisi approfondita dell’approccio meta-analitico impiegato nel Capitolo 2 e nel Capitolo 3, dimostrando che CluB può (i) estrarre in modo attendibile dei cluster di attivazioni coerenti a partire da un database di coordinate stereotassiche, e (ii) testare la specificità dei cluster nel contesto di disegni fattoriali che solitamente non possono essere implementati in studi meta-analitici. Nel Capitolo 4 valuto i cambiamenti neurofunzionali associati ad un trattamento di deep rTMS (target neuroanatomico: insula bilaterale e corteccia prefrontale) di 5 settimane per ridurre il craving per il cibo ed il peso corporeo in un campione di 17 pazienti obesi sottoposti a stimolazione ad alta frequenza (N=9) versus sham (N=8). In particolare, applico un nuovo metodo data-driven su dati provenienti da scansioni di resting-state fMRI per testare l’ipotesi che la stimolazione reale, rispetto alla stimolazione sham, può indurre cambiamenti plastici nell’organizzazione funzionale cerebrale di regioni implicate nel craving per il cibo. Concludo con il Capitolo 5, nel quale integro i miei risultati all’interno di una cornice teorica unitaria per i disordini della motivazione, discutendo le implicazioni per la ricerca di base e per la medicina traslazionale.

(2021). Motivation gone awry: investigations on aberrant reward processing in obesity and substance use disorder.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Motivation gone awry: investigations on aberrant reward processing in obesity and substance use disorder.

DEVOTO, FRANCANTONIO
2021

Abstract

Obesity and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) are chronic relapsing disorders characterized by pathological craving. Evidence suggests that craving can be prompted by the exposure to food or drug-related cues, and that current non-invasive brain stimulation techniques can be used to down-regulate craving. However, there is limited available information about (i) the influence of internal and external factors on the neural responses to food and drug cues, and (ii) on the neurobiological mechanisms beyond non-invasive brain stimulation applied to obesity.In my thesis, I provide a systematic meta-analytical and fMRI investigation of these issues, demonstrating that several internal and external factors modulate the neural correlates of craving in obesity and SUD, and that excitatory deep TMS induces plastic changes in the neurofunctional brain organization in sample of obese individuals. In the general introduction (Chapter 1), I describe the core neural networks involved in food and drug craving, within a unitary framework that accounts for the influence of several internal and external factors that modulate the neural responses to cues, in both obesity and SUD. In Chapter 2, I combine a novel toolbox based on hierarchical clustering algorithm (Clustering the Brain, CluB) with the Activation Likelihood Estimation method to meta- analyze 22 studies on the influence of weight-status (healthy-weight vs. obese), sensory modality of stimulus presentation (visual vs. gustatory), and satiety state (hungry vs. satiated) on the neural responses to food cues. In particular, evidence from such main and interaction effects are taken as a benchmark to test the validity of the main neurocognitive theories of overeating and obesity. In Chapter 3, I use the same method to meta-analyze 64 neuroimaging studies on the influence of addiction severity (addiction to legal vs. illegal substances) and treatment status (treatment-seeking vs. not-seeking treatment) on the neural drug cue-reactivity in SUD. Evidence from the main and interactive effects will be taken as a benchmark to discuss one of the most influential theories on the influence of treatment status and drug availability on the neural responses to drug cues. An in-depth analysis of the meta-analytical method employed in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 is reported in Appendix A, where I describe two validation studies demonstrating that CluB can (i) reliably extract a set of spatially coherent clusters of activations from a database of stereotactic coordinates, and (ii) test for factor-specific clusters of convergent activation within designs that cannot be usually implemented in a meta-analytical study. In Chapter 4, I assess the neurofunctional changes associated with a 5-weeks deep rTMS treatment targeting the bilateral insular and prefrontal cortices to induce weight-loss and reducing food craving in a sample of 17 obese individuals undergoing excitatory (N=9) versus sham (N=8) stimulation. In particular, I apply a novel data-driven method on resting- state fMRI data to test that hypothesis that real, compared to sham, deep rTMS can induce plastic changes in the brain functional organization of key areas involved in food craving. Finally, I conclude with Chapter 5, where I integrate my findings into a unitary theoretical framework for the disorders of the motivation, discussing their implications for basic research and translational medicine.
ZAPPAROLI, LAURA
PAULESU, ERALDO
Obesità; Disturbo Uso Sost.; Meta-analisi Neuroi.; fMRI; TMS
Obesity; Substance Use Diso.; Neuro. Meta-analysis; fMRI; TMS
M-PSI/02 - PSICOBIOLOGIA E PSICOLOGIA FISIOLOGICA
English
16-mar-2021
NEUROSCIENZE
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Motivation gone awry: investigations on aberrant reward processing in obesity and substance use disorder.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
phd_unimib_835085.pdf

Accesso Aperto

Descrizione: Motivation gone awry: investigations on aberrant reward processing in obesity and substance use disorder.
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
Dimensione 5.98 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
5.98 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/309806
Citazioni
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
Social impact