The actual gold standard to exclude the malignant nature of thyroid nodules in the clinical routine is represented by thyroid Fine Needle Aspirations (FNAs) biopsies. Thyroid FNAs are safe and cost-effective. Approximately the 20-30% of cases have an indeterminate for malignancy final report. These patients undergo diagnostic (and not therapeutic) thyroidectomy, but after surgery the 80% of these thyroid nodules are benign. This overtreatment has of course important consequences in the quality of life of the patients and high healthcare costs. The application of -omics techniques might have a potential role in the research for new diagnostic markers able to discriminate benign from malignant nodules, thus minimizing the challenging cases of indeterminate for malignancy. Mass spectrometry is one of the most important analytical tools able to obtain information regarding the molecular composition of a sample, the presence of biomolecules and their abundance. Among the different proteomics approaches able to extract the molecular alterations of the different type of specimen’s lesion, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) was strongly emerging. MALDI-MSI represents an ideal technology that enables to explore the spatial distribution of biomolecules within tissue, integrating molecular and traditional morphological information while preserving the integrity of the analysed tissue. Various studies applied MALDI-MSI technology for prognostic purposes and for in real time diagnostic setting, showing the usefulness, advantages and applicability of MALDI-MSI in different fields of pathology. Due to the promising results recently obtained with MALDI-MSI in the identification of proteomic signals able to differentiate between benign and malignant cases from the analysis of thyroid tissue after surgery , the idea was to apply for the first time MALDI-MSI on real thyroid FNAs biopsies. Preliminary to the clinical study, the protocol for the proteomic MALDI-MSI analysis was optimised to avoid degradation, alteration phenomena, contamination and artefacts formation. The methodological improvement of the protocol in a complicated field as thyroid cytological specimens played an important role in this study. Challenging technical aspects, such as i) the interference of haemoglobin due to the high vascularization of the thyroid organ and ii) the stability of the samples over time before the analysis from a morphological and proteomic point of view, were overcome through two studies that were planned and analysed as part of the thesis. The clinical study for the detection of the potential cluster of signals with discriminant capability was originally planned to involve a large sample of thyroid nodules, however, due to the slow enrolment rate of malignant cases, the thesis contains only the results of a preliminary analysis. Eighteen subjects contributed to the training set with 9 benign and 9 malignant thyroid nodules. The statistical model was based on data of 81 specific region of interest, according to the morphological triage performed by the pathologist in order to overcome false information deriving from non thyrocytes cells. The validation phase was performed on 11 patients with different type of lesions (i.e. benign, indeterminate and malignant). Results are very promising and highlight the possibility to introduce MALDI-MSI as a complementary tool for the diagnostic characterization of thyroid lesions. A methodological aspect that emerged from the peculiarity of the proteomic analysis was also investigated. A review of the most used indices for the assessment of the similarity between mass spectra profiles was performed and a new measure was proposed. A simulation study was implemented in order to identify the best similarity measure to use in comparing proteomic profiles.
L’attuale gold standard diagnostico nella routine clinica utilizzato per escludere la natura maligna di noduli tiroidei, è rappresentato dalla valutazione morfologica del materiale ottenuto da biopsie. Tuttavia, non sempre è possibile arrivare ad una diagnosi citologica affidabile e circa il 20-30% dei noduli risultano “inderterminati per malignità”. I pazienti con questa diagnosi vengono quindi sottoposti a tiroidectomia totale e dopo l’analisi istologica post-operatoria l’80% circa di essi risultano essere benigni. L’impatto dell’operazione sul paziente è rilevante poiché le funzioni fisiologiche della tiroide dovranno essere sostituite cronicamente con l’utilizzo di farmaci, il cui costo, in aggiunta a quello dell’operazione, ha un peso sul bilancio sanitario. Negli ultimi anni, nel campo della ricerca biomedica, grande attenzione è stata riposta verso l’analisi proteomica e verso la sua potenziale applicazione nella ricerca di nuovi biomarcatori, determinanti nel discriminare noduli benigni da maligni in modo da minimizzare la diagnosi di malignità indeterminata. La spettrometria di massa è uno degli strumenti più importanti per ottenere informazioni riguardanti la composizione molecolare di un campione, la presenza di biomolecole e la loro abbondanza. Tra i diversi approcci proteomici in grado di identificare alterazioni molecolari di diversi tipi di lesioni, la tecnica di Imaging MALDI-MSI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry Imaging) ha guadagnato sempre più spazio e interesse. MALDI-MSI rappresenta una tecnologia ideale che permette di esplorare la distribuzione spaziale di biomolecole nel tessuto integrando informazioni molecolari e quelle tradizionali morfologiche. Visti i recenti risultati ottenuti tramite l’analisi MALDI-MSI di campioni di tessuto tiroideo nell’identificazione di segnali proteomici in grado di discriminare casi benigni da maligni, l’idea che è nata è stata quella di applicare per la prima volta questo tipo di analisi a campioni citologici ottenuti da biopsie di noduli tiroidei. Prima di poter applicare la tecnica MALDI allo studio clinico, il protocollo di analisi è stato ottimizzato per evitare problemi di degradazione, fenomeni di alterazioni o contaminazioni e formazione di artefatti. Due diversi problemi tecnici quali i) l’interferenza dell’emoglobina a causa dell’elevata vascolarizzazione dell’organo e ii) la stabilità del campione nel tempo prima dell’analisi da un punto di vista morfologico e proteomico, sono stati affrontati e risolti in due studi pianificati come parte del progetto di tesi. In origine lo studio clinico per l’identificazione di potenziali cluster di segnali con proprietà discriminanti prendeva in considerazione un ampio numero di campioni di noduli tiroidei ma, a causa del lento arruolamento di casi maligni per la loro natura rara, la tesi contiene solo i risultati di un analisi preliminare. 18 soggetti sono stati arruolati per il training set (9 noduli benigni e 9 maligni). Il modello di regressione logistica penalizzato (LASSO) è stato costruito su un set di dati di 81 regioni di interesse, in accordo con l’identificazione morfologica operata dal patologo per evitare false informazioni derivanti da cellule diverse dai tirociti. Il modello di classificazione è stato validato su 11 pazienti con diversi tipi di lesioni (i.e. benigna, indeterminata e maligna). I risultati sono molto promettenti e sottolineano la possibilità di introdurre MALDI-MSI come uno strumento complementare nella caratterizzazione diagnostica delle lesioni tiroidee. Sono inoltre stati esaminati gli indici di similarità più utilizzati tra i numerosi profili di spettri ed è stata proposta una nuova misura. Uno studio di simulazione di spettri di massa è stato poi implementato per identificare le migliori misure di similarità in termini di performance, da applicare per comparare profili proteomici.
(2020). Application of Maldi-imaging proteomics analysis on thyroid biopsies: identification of biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
Application of Maldi-imaging proteomics analysis on thyroid biopsies: identification of biomarkers for clinical diagnosis
CAPITOLI, GIULIA
2020
Abstract
The actual gold standard to exclude the malignant nature of thyroid nodules in the clinical routine is represented by thyroid Fine Needle Aspirations (FNAs) biopsies. Thyroid FNAs are safe and cost-effective. Approximately the 20-30% of cases have an indeterminate for malignancy final report. These patients undergo diagnostic (and not therapeutic) thyroidectomy, but after surgery the 80% of these thyroid nodules are benign. This overtreatment has of course important consequences in the quality of life of the patients and high healthcare costs. The application of -omics techniques might have a potential role in the research for new diagnostic markers able to discriminate benign from malignant nodules, thus minimizing the challenging cases of indeterminate for malignancy. Mass spectrometry is one of the most important analytical tools able to obtain information regarding the molecular composition of a sample, the presence of biomolecules and their abundance. Among the different proteomics approaches able to extract the molecular alterations of the different type of specimen’s lesion, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) was strongly emerging. MALDI-MSI represents an ideal technology that enables to explore the spatial distribution of biomolecules within tissue, integrating molecular and traditional morphological information while preserving the integrity of the analysed tissue. Various studies applied MALDI-MSI technology for prognostic purposes and for in real time diagnostic setting, showing the usefulness, advantages and applicability of MALDI-MSI in different fields of pathology. Due to the promising results recently obtained with MALDI-MSI in the identification of proteomic signals able to differentiate between benign and malignant cases from the analysis of thyroid tissue after surgery , the idea was to apply for the first time MALDI-MSI on real thyroid FNAs biopsies. Preliminary to the clinical study, the protocol for the proteomic MALDI-MSI analysis was optimised to avoid degradation, alteration phenomena, contamination and artefacts formation. The methodological improvement of the protocol in a complicated field as thyroid cytological specimens played an important role in this study. Challenging technical aspects, such as i) the interference of haemoglobin due to the high vascularization of the thyroid organ and ii) the stability of the samples over time before the analysis from a morphological and proteomic point of view, were overcome through two studies that were planned and analysed as part of the thesis. The clinical study for the detection of the potential cluster of signals with discriminant capability was originally planned to involve a large sample of thyroid nodules, however, due to the slow enrolment rate of malignant cases, the thesis contains only the results of a preliminary analysis. Eighteen subjects contributed to the training set with 9 benign and 9 malignant thyroid nodules. The statistical model was based on data of 81 specific region of interest, according to the morphological triage performed by the pathologist in order to overcome false information deriving from non thyrocytes cells. The validation phase was performed on 11 patients with different type of lesions (i.e. benign, indeterminate and malignant). Results are very promising and highlight the possibility to introduce MALDI-MSI as a complementary tool for the diagnostic characterization of thyroid lesions. A methodological aspect that emerged from the peculiarity of the proteomic analysis was also investigated. A review of the most used indices for the assessment of the similarity between mass spectra profiles was performed and a new measure was proposed. A simulation study was implemented in order to identify the best similarity measure to use in comparing proteomic profiles.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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