Giftedness has been extensively examined in children and adolescents, whereas fewer papers have been published on the same group in adulthood. As suggested by the National Association for Gifted Children (2010), giftedness refers to “outstanding levels of aptitude (defined as an exceptional ability to reason and learn) or competence (documented performance or achievement in top 10% or rarer) in one or more domains (such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership, or academic)”. This dissertation has examined the gifted group composed of individuals with high intellectual aptitude (i.e. intelligence test scores equal to or greater than 130) rather than who have obtained concrete life achievements. Over the last century, high intelligence has been often considered a “winning card” because strong relationships have been found with better physical health, psychological adjustment and more prestigious job position. Recently, this position has been challenged because empirical evidences have shown that people with extraordinary intellectual abilities reported higher levels of affective dysregulation, attentional and hyperactivity deficit, autism spectrum disorders, and immune disorders. The present dissertation aims to approach these issues, exploring cognitive, personality, and emotional functioning of intellectually gifted individuals in adulthood, applying the principles of the Multimethod Assessment Approach. In the Chapter 1, intellectual giftedness has been defined according to the CHC model. Then, I have examined cognitive profile of gifted adults; pattern of their performance (i.e. what is the best indicator of superior intelligence?); and scores variability across different domains. In the Chapter 2, I have examined personality traits and emotional regulation of gifted individuals according to developmental psychology and psychopathology theories. I have considered an updated version of the disharmony hypothesis in order to describe how vulnerabilities and developmental maladjustments may result from inadequate responses of the environment (e.g., friends, teachers, parents, society) to gifted individuals’ unique needs. In the Chapter 3, I have examined emotional intelligence (EI), both as a set of intellectual abilities and of personality traits. I have conducted an exploratory study to test whether gifted adults showed similar results to those obtained by gifted students, and the investment model of EI which describes the relationships between crystallized and emotional intelligence. In conclusion, I have combined results from the three chapters according to multiple lenses analysis (Lilienfeld, 2017) and I have described similarities and differences of this group in genetic, psychological, and sociocultural aspects compared to the general population.
La plusdotazione è stata ampiamente esaminata nei bambini e negli adolescenti, mentre un minor numero di articoli è stato pubblicato nello stesso gruppo in età adulta. Come suggerito dalla National Association for Gifted Children (2010), il termine plusdotazione si riferisce a "livelli eccezionali di attitudine (definita come un’eccezionale capacità di ragionare e apprendere) o di competenza (prestazioni documentate o risultati superiori o superiori al 10%) in uno o più domini (come intellettuale, creativo, artistico, leadership o accademico)”. Questa tesi ha esaminato il gruppo dotato di individui con elevate abilità intellettive (cioè punteggi ai test di intelligenza pari o superiori a 130) piuttosto che coloro che hanno raggiunto risultati concreti di vita. Nel corso dell'ultimo secolo, l'intelligenza elevata è stata spesso considerata una “carta vincente” perché forti relazioni sono state trovate con la salute fisica, l’adattamento psicologico e posizioni lavorative più prestigiose. Recentemente, questa posizione è stata contestata perché prove empiriche hanno dimostrato che le persone con straordinarie capacità intellettuali riportavano anche livelli più elevati di disregolazione affettiva, deficit di attenzione e iperattività, disturbi dello spettro autistico e disordini immunitari. La presente tesi mira ad affrontare questi problemi, esplorando le abilità cognitive, la personalità e il funzionamento emotivo di individui adulti plusdotati, applicando i principi del Multimethod Assessment. Nel Capitolo 1, la plusdotazione intellettiva è stata definita secondo il modello CHC. Quindi, ho esaminato il profilo cognitivo di questi soggetti; i pattern delle loro prestazioni (cioè quale fosse il miglior indicatore di intelligenza superiore); e la variabilità dei punteggi nei diversi domini. Nel Capitolo 2, ho esaminato i tratti della personalità e la regolazione emotiva dei soggetti gifted adulti secondo le teorie della developmental psychology and psychopathology. Ho considerato una versione aggiornata dell’“ipotesi della disarmonia” per descrivere come vulnerabilità e disadattamenti dello sviluppo possano derivare da inadeguate risposte dell'ambiente (ad esempio, amici, insegnanti, genitori, società) verso i bisogni delle persone con abilità intellettive sopra la media. Nel Capitolo 3, ho esaminato l'intelligenza emotiva (EI), intesa sia come insieme di abilità intellettive sia di tratti della personalità. Ho condotto uno studio esplorativo per verificare se gli adulti plusdotati mostrassero risultati simili a quelli ottenuti da soggetti più giovani e ho testato la teoria dell’investimento applicata all’EI che descrive le relazioni tra l'intelligenza cristallizzata e quella emotiva. In conclusione, ho integrato i risultati dei tre capitoli in base alla multiple lenses analysis (Lilienfeld, 2017) e ho descritto le somiglianze e le differenze di questo gruppo in base agli aspetti genetici, psicologici e socioculturali rispetto alla popolazione generale.
(2018). Intellectual Giftedness in Adulthood. A Multimethod Assessment Approach. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
Intellectual Giftedness in Adulthood. A Multimethod Assessment Approach
MATTA, MICHAEL
2018
Abstract
Giftedness has been extensively examined in children and adolescents, whereas fewer papers have been published on the same group in adulthood. As suggested by the National Association for Gifted Children (2010), giftedness refers to “outstanding levels of aptitude (defined as an exceptional ability to reason and learn) or competence (documented performance or achievement in top 10% or rarer) in one or more domains (such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership, or academic)”. This dissertation has examined the gifted group composed of individuals with high intellectual aptitude (i.e. intelligence test scores equal to or greater than 130) rather than who have obtained concrete life achievements. Over the last century, high intelligence has been often considered a “winning card” because strong relationships have been found with better physical health, psychological adjustment and more prestigious job position. Recently, this position has been challenged because empirical evidences have shown that people with extraordinary intellectual abilities reported higher levels of affective dysregulation, attentional and hyperactivity deficit, autism spectrum disorders, and immune disorders. The present dissertation aims to approach these issues, exploring cognitive, personality, and emotional functioning of intellectually gifted individuals in adulthood, applying the principles of the Multimethod Assessment Approach. In the Chapter 1, intellectual giftedness has been defined according to the CHC model. Then, I have examined cognitive profile of gifted adults; pattern of their performance (i.e. what is the best indicator of superior intelligence?); and scores variability across different domains. In the Chapter 2, I have examined personality traits and emotional regulation of gifted individuals according to developmental psychology and psychopathology theories. I have considered an updated version of the disharmony hypothesis in order to describe how vulnerabilities and developmental maladjustments may result from inadequate responses of the environment (e.g., friends, teachers, parents, society) to gifted individuals’ unique needs. In the Chapter 3, I have examined emotional intelligence (EI), both as a set of intellectual abilities and of personality traits. I have conducted an exploratory study to test whether gifted adults showed similar results to those obtained by gifted students, and the investment model of EI which describes the relationships between crystallized and emotional intelligence. In conclusion, I have combined results from the three chapters according to multiple lenses analysis (Lilienfeld, 2017) and I have described similarities and differences of this group in genetic, psychological, and sociocultural aspects compared to the general population.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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