In our society weight-related diseases and eating disorders are growing problems for health and a field of great interest for researchers and clinicians with a 5% lifetime prevalence of this disorders (Treasure et al., 2010). Recent neuroimaging studies have investigated which brain regions are involved in food representation and which are the neural mechanisms underlying motivations and attitudes towards food. The visual presentation of food images typically produces activation in cortical and subcortical regions and many data are consistent with the hypothesis that orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex are crucial areas for reward anticipation and behavioral control (Killgore et al., 2003; Hollmann et al., 2012). These results have led researchers to selected medial and dorsolateral pre- frontal cortices as target sites in studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) showing that stimulation sessions reduced food craving in healthy participants (Goldman et al., 2011) and pathological feelings and behavior in participants with eating disorders (Downar et al., 2012; Van den Eynde et al., 2013). However, the mechanisms underlying the behavioral outcome and how stimulation of specific target areas could modulate attitudes towards food are not yet completely understood. The implicit association test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) is one of the most used tools to measure implicit attitudes. It assumes that a stronger association between categories and attributes causes increased difficulty in categorizing stimuli in a specific condition. In this study we combined IAT and TMS and this one was applied while participants performed an IAT with tasty and tasteless food associated with positive and negative valence words. A different IAT, assessing positive and negative valence towards self and others, was also included in the experiment because neuroimaging findings showing that cortical midline structures are involved in explicit and implicit self-related concepts (Moran et al., 2009). Experimental design also included stimulation of the left parietal cortex (lPA) as control site and a third IAT on valence for insects and flowers in order to check the site specificity of mPFC. Results revealed that mPFC-TMS selectively affected IAT on food, increasing implicit preference for tasty than tasteless food, only in a subgroup of participants who did not show extreme explicit evaluation for tasty and tasteless food. This demonstrates that mPFC has a critical causal role in monitoring food preference and highlights the relevance of considering individual differences in studying food representation and neural mechanisms associated with eating behavior.
Nella nostra società le patologie legate al peso e i Disturbi del Comportamento Alimentare (DCA) sono problematiche sempre più emergenti e ricoprono un campo di grande interesse sia sanitario sia nel campo della ricerca, avendo una prevalenza lifetime stimata del 5% (Treasure et al., 2010). Recenti studi di neuroimaging hanno investigato quali aree cerebrali siano coinvolte nella rappresentazione del cibo e quali i meccanismi neurali che sottendono allo stimolo e all’atteggiamento verso il cibo. La presentazione di immagini di cibi produce tipicamente un’attivazione in diverse regioni corticali e sottocorticali e si sono evidenziati diversi dati consistenti con l’ipotesi che la corteccia orbitofrontale e quella prefrontale siano aree cruciali nei fenomeni di anticipazione della ricompensa e di controllo comportamentale (Killgore et al., 2003; Hollmann et al., 2012). Questi risultati hanno condotto i ricercatori a scegliere le aree prefrontali mediale e dorsolaterale come siti bersaglio in studi con la transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) o la transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mostrando che la stimolazione riduceva la ricerca di cibo nei soggetti sani (Goldman et al., 2011) e le sensazioni e I comportamenti patologici nei soggetti con DCA (Downar et al., 2012; Van den Eynde et al., 2013). Nonostante questi risultati i meccanismi alla base del comportamento osservato non sono ancora stati completamente chiariti. Il Test di Associazione Implicita (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) è uno dei più utilizzati per misurare le tendenze implicite. Presuppone che una forte associazione tra categorie e attributi generi una maggiore difficoltà nel categorizzare gli stimoli in una condizione specifica. In questo studio abbiamo associato lo IAT con la TMS applicando quest’ultima a soggetti sani durante lo svolgimento di un test in cui si categorizzavano cibi gustosi e non gustosi con parole a valenza positiva o negativa. Abbiamo incluso un ulteriore IAT, che categorizzava termini positivi e negativi in relazione al se o agli altri, in quanto alcuni risultati di neuroimaging mostravano che le strutture corticali mediali fossero implicate in aspetti legati all’autostima, sia espliciti sia impliciti (Moran et al., 2009). Il disegno sperimentale include inoltre anche la stimolazione della corteccia parietale sinistra (lPA) come sito di controllo ed un terzo IAT su fiori ed insetti per valutare la sito specificità della mPFC. I risultati mostrano che la mPFC-TMS selettivamente influenza lo IAT sui cibi aumentando la preferenza implicita per i cibi gustosi piuttosto che i non gustosi solo in un sottogruppo nei quali non si evidenziavano in precedenza differenze di gustosità nei cibi. Questo dimostra il ruolo causale della mPFC nei processi di monitoraggio dell’alimentazione ed evidenzia la rilevanza di considerare le differenze individuali nello studiare le rappresentazioni del cibo ed i meccanismi neurali associati con il comportamento alimentare.
(2015). Ruolo della corteccia prefrontale mediale (mPFC) nei processi di alimentazione e nei disturbi ad essa associate. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
Ruolo della corteccia prefrontale mediale (mPFC) nei processi di alimentazione e nei disturbi ad essa associate
ZUGLIAN, PABLO
2015
Abstract
In our society weight-related diseases and eating disorders are growing problems for health and a field of great interest for researchers and clinicians with a 5% lifetime prevalence of this disorders (Treasure et al., 2010). Recent neuroimaging studies have investigated which brain regions are involved in food representation and which are the neural mechanisms underlying motivations and attitudes towards food. The visual presentation of food images typically produces activation in cortical and subcortical regions and many data are consistent with the hypothesis that orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex are crucial areas for reward anticipation and behavioral control (Killgore et al., 2003; Hollmann et al., 2012). These results have led researchers to selected medial and dorsolateral pre- frontal cortices as target sites in studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) showing that stimulation sessions reduced food craving in healthy participants (Goldman et al., 2011) and pathological feelings and behavior in participants with eating disorders (Downar et al., 2012; Van den Eynde et al., 2013). However, the mechanisms underlying the behavioral outcome and how stimulation of specific target areas could modulate attitudes towards food are not yet completely understood. The implicit association test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) is one of the most used tools to measure implicit attitudes. It assumes that a stronger association between categories and attributes causes increased difficulty in categorizing stimuli in a specific condition. In this study we combined IAT and TMS and this one was applied while participants performed an IAT with tasty and tasteless food associated with positive and negative valence words. A different IAT, assessing positive and negative valence towards self and others, was also included in the experiment because neuroimaging findings showing that cortical midline structures are involved in explicit and implicit self-related concepts (Moran et al., 2009). Experimental design also included stimulation of the left parietal cortex (lPA) as control site and a third IAT on valence for insects and flowers in order to check the site specificity of mPFC. Results revealed that mPFC-TMS selectively affected IAT on food, increasing implicit preference for tasty than tasteless food, only in a subgroup of participants who did not show extreme explicit evaluation for tasty and tasteless food. This demonstrates that mPFC has a critical causal role in monitoring food preference and highlights the relevance of considering individual differences in studying food representation and neural mechanisms associated with eating behavior.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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