Background: Despite the current availability of treatments and the known association between early care and a good prognosis, the treatment demand for eating disorders (EDs) stays low if compared to the their prevalence. Fears generated by common stigmatizing attitudes toward EDs partially explain this condition. Stigma towards psychiatric disorders, with prejudice and discrimination, is a phenomenon deeply rooted in the society; while opinions towards psychotic disorders, depression and anxiety have been thoroughly studied, only a few studies explore stigmatizing trends toward EDs, especially towards anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Furthermore, these researches are lacking in Italian population. To program public health interventions, able to raise awareness and improving treatment requests by potential patients, we need to understand attitudes of young people towards these issues, and how the stigmatizing contents change according to different demographic characteristics. Aims: This study aims to estimate prevalence and level of stigmatizing trends and beliefs related to AN and BN in a big Italian university students sample. Socio-demographic trends related to stigmatizing tendencies, the associations with the experiential knowledge of the problem and the causal attribution beliefs are also investigated. Methods: 2,109 participants completed an online survey with a sociodemographic card, two questionnaires related to trends and stigmatizing beliefs towards AN and BN and questions about personal experience, level of contact with patients and causal attribution beliefs. The measure of trends and stigmatizing beliefs has been done with the multi-item questionnaire SAB-BN (Stigmatizing Attitudes and Beliefs about Bulimia Nervosa - SAB-BN; McLean, 2014) translated in Italian and adapted for AN. The process of translation of the instrument was carried out according to the WHO guidelines and the translated and adapted versions were administered to a pilot group of students with the aim of improving expressions, and discrepancies in the translation. The factors selected for causal attribution were selected from previously published studies. The invitation to participate in the survey was mailed to all students enrolled in the degree programs of the university. Results: Results for AN and BN are overlapping, signalling that participants tend to assimilate the two conditions. Prevalence and level of stigmatizing trends in students are low, except in the components of Personal Responsibility and Guilt (63%) and Social Distance (about 13%). Examination of demographic differences in stigmatizing attitudes in the student sample indicated uniform attitudes but males, aged 18-25 group, and students living in family held significantly higher stigmatizing attitudes. Stigma is lower in underweight subjects. 11.52% of the sample declared a previous EDs diagnosis and 3.84% a current EDs diagnosis: in both cases, more than 90% of the sample is female. Subjects with a previous diagnosis, but not those with a currentone, report less stigmatizing attitudes. 82.79% of the sample knows people with an EDs, but this knowledge doesn’t s improve stigmatizing attitudes. More than 50% of the sample attributes a main or a fundamental role for the development of AN and BN to environmental factors, with percentages over 75% for parenting and over 80% for media influence. In contrast, more than 60% of the sample believes that genetics are little or not involved in the development of these diseases. The importance attributed to environmental factors predicts a reduction in the stigma level, while the emphasis on the lack of self-discipline increases it. Conclusions: Results provide fundamental advices in order to program preventive and anti-stigma actions, to increase the awareness relating the disorder and to improve the demand for treatments.
Razionale: La richiesta di cure per l’anoressia (AN) e la bulimia nervosa (BN) rimane bassa rispetto alla diffusione dei disturbi nonostante la disponibilità di trattamenti e l’associazione tra una buona prognosi e la precocità delle cure: una delle motivazioni alla base del problema è insita nelle paure generate dalle credenze e dagli atteggiamenti stigmatizzanti verso i disturbi del comportamento alimentare (DCA). Lo stigma per i disturbi psichiatrici è un fenomeno radicato nella società, da cui derivano pregiudizi e discriminazione; mentre le opinioni verso malattie mentali come i disordini psicotici, la depressione e i disturbi ansiosi sono state abbondantemente studiate, le caratteristiche dello stigma associato all’AN e alla BN non sono ancora state vagliate dalla ricerca; per la popolazione italiana gli studi sono completamente assenti. È necessario comprendere quali e quanto pregnanti siano le attitudini dei giovani verso l’AN e la BN in modo da guidare lo sviluppo di interventi di salute pubblica nella comunità, sensibilizzandola e migliorando la motivazione alla richiesta di cure. Obiettivi: Ottenere una stima della prevalenza e del livello delle tendenze stigmatizzanti verso l’AN e la BN tra gli studenti universitari italiani; indaga i correlati sociodemografici dello stigma e le associazioni con il livello di conoscenza esperienziale del problema e con diverse credenze di attribuzione causale. Metodi: 2,109 partecipanti hanno completato on line una batteria costituita da una scheda sociodemografica, due questionari relativi alle tendenze stigmatizzanti verso l’AN e la BN e domande relative all’attribuzione causale, all’esperienza personale e al livello di contatto con soggetti affetti. La misura delle tendenze stigmatizzanti è stata effettuata con il questionario SAB-BN (Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about bulimia nervosa - SAB-BN; McLean, 2014) tradotto in lingua italiana e adattato per l’AN. Il processo di traduzione dello strumento è stato svolto secondo le linee guida della WHO e le versioni tradotte sono state somministrate ad un gruppo pilota di studenti con l’obiettivo di migliorare espressioni o discrepanze nella traduzione. I fattori selezionati per l’attribuzione causale sono stati estrapolati da studi precedenti. L’invito per partecipare alla survey è stato inviato via mail a tutti gli studenti dei corsi di laurea dell’Ateneo. Risultati: Sono stati ottenuti risultati sovrapponibili per l’AN e la BN, segnalando che i partecipanti tendono ad assimilare le due condizioni. La prevalenza e il livello delle tendenze stigmatizzanti sono bassi, eccetto per le componenti della Responsabilità Personale (63% circa) e del desiderio di Distanza Sociale (13% circa). La disamina delle differenze demografiche rivela comportamenti uniformi, ma lo stigma risulta più elevato tra i maschi, nella fascia d’età 18-25 e in chi vive nella famiglia di origine; risulta inferiore nei soggetti sottopeso. L’11,52% del campione dichiara una pregressa diagnosi di DCA e il 3,84% una diagnosi attuale. I soggetti con una diagnosi pregressa riportano attitudini meno stigmatizzanti. L’82,79% del campione conosce soggetti con DCA, ma il dato non migliora le opinioni. La distribuzione delle credenze causali mostra che un ruolo principale viene attribuito da più del 50% del campione ai fattori ambientali, con percentuali oltre il 75% per le cure genitoriali e oltre l’80% per l’influenza dei media. Più del 60% del campione ritiene che i fattori genetici siano poco o non coinvolti. L’importanza attribuita ai fattori ambientali risulta predittiva di una riduzione nel livello di stigma, mentre l’importanza attribuita alla mancanza di autodisciplina lo aumenta. Conclusioni: I risultati forniscono informazioni fondamentali per la costruzione di interventi preventivi e anti-stigma, aumentare le conoscenze dei disturbi nella popolazione e sensibilizzare la richiesta dei trattamenti.
(2015). Stigma towards Eating Disorders in Italian Students (STEaDIS): Studio osservazionale delle opinioni sull’Anoressia e la Bulimia Nervosa in un campione di studenti universitari italiani. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
Stigma towards Eating Disorders in Italian Students (STEaDIS): Studio osservazionale delle opinioni sull’Anoressia e la Bulimia Nervosa in un campione di studenti universitari italiani
CASLINI, MANUELA
2015
Abstract
Background: Despite the current availability of treatments and the known association between early care and a good prognosis, the treatment demand for eating disorders (EDs) stays low if compared to the their prevalence. Fears generated by common stigmatizing attitudes toward EDs partially explain this condition. Stigma towards psychiatric disorders, with prejudice and discrimination, is a phenomenon deeply rooted in the society; while opinions towards psychotic disorders, depression and anxiety have been thoroughly studied, only a few studies explore stigmatizing trends toward EDs, especially towards anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Furthermore, these researches are lacking in Italian population. To program public health interventions, able to raise awareness and improving treatment requests by potential patients, we need to understand attitudes of young people towards these issues, and how the stigmatizing contents change according to different demographic characteristics. Aims: This study aims to estimate prevalence and level of stigmatizing trends and beliefs related to AN and BN in a big Italian university students sample. Socio-demographic trends related to stigmatizing tendencies, the associations with the experiential knowledge of the problem and the causal attribution beliefs are also investigated. Methods: 2,109 participants completed an online survey with a sociodemographic card, two questionnaires related to trends and stigmatizing beliefs towards AN and BN and questions about personal experience, level of contact with patients and causal attribution beliefs. The measure of trends and stigmatizing beliefs has been done with the multi-item questionnaire SAB-BN (Stigmatizing Attitudes and Beliefs about Bulimia Nervosa - SAB-BN; McLean, 2014) translated in Italian and adapted for AN. The process of translation of the instrument was carried out according to the WHO guidelines and the translated and adapted versions were administered to a pilot group of students with the aim of improving expressions, and discrepancies in the translation. The factors selected for causal attribution were selected from previously published studies. The invitation to participate in the survey was mailed to all students enrolled in the degree programs of the university. Results: Results for AN and BN are overlapping, signalling that participants tend to assimilate the two conditions. Prevalence and level of stigmatizing trends in students are low, except in the components of Personal Responsibility and Guilt (63%) and Social Distance (about 13%). Examination of demographic differences in stigmatizing attitudes in the student sample indicated uniform attitudes but males, aged 18-25 group, and students living in family held significantly higher stigmatizing attitudes. Stigma is lower in underweight subjects. 11.52% of the sample declared a previous EDs diagnosis and 3.84% a current EDs diagnosis: in both cases, more than 90% of the sample is female. Subjects with a previous diagnosis, but not those with a currentone, report less stigmatizing attitudes. 82.79% of the sample knows people with an EDs, but this knowledge doesn’t s improve stigmatizing attitudes. More than 50% of the sample attributes a main or a fundamental role for the development of AN and BN to environmental factors, with percentages over 75% for parenting and over 80% for media influence. In contrast, more than 60% of the sample believes that genetics are little or not involved in the development of these diseases. The importance attributed to environmental factors predicts a reduction in the stigma level, while the emphasis on the lack of self-discipline increases it. Conclusions: Results provide fundamental advices in order to program preventive and anti-stigma actions, to increase the awareness relating the disorder and to improve the demand for treatments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Doctoral thesis
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