T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells are a subset of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells induced in the periphery and characterized by IL-10 production. During the last decade much effort has been dedicated to establish suitable methods for Tr1 cell generation in vitro for Treg-cell based therapy. We demonstrated that Tr1 cells can be generated in vitro in an antigen-specific manner with recombinant IL-10 or IL-10-producing tolerogenic DC-10. Proof-of-principle clinical trials in allo-HSCT demonstrated the safety of Treg-based cell therapy with these Tr1 cells. However, Tr1 cell cultures generated with the above mentioned methods include a fraction of non-Tr1 cells that may limit the efficacy of immunotherapy with Tr1 cells. To overcome this limitation we developed a protocol to generate Tr1 (CD4IL-10) cells using a Lentiviral Vector (LV) encoding for human IL-10 and , as marker gene. We showed that enforced IL-10 expression confers Tr1 phenotype and functions to human CD4+ T cells, including killing of myeloid cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CD4IL-10 cells into immune-deficient mice suppresses xeno-GvHD (Andolfi G. and Fousteri G., Mol Ther 2012). However, it is still unclear whether adoptive therapy with CD4IL-10 cells can affect Graft versus Leukemia (GvL) activity. The aims of my PhD project are: 1. to define whether killing mediated by CD4IL-10 cells is super-imposable to that of classical Tr1 cells and to validate the use of polyclonal CD4IL-10 cells as cell therapy in humanized pre-clinical models of GvL and GvHD; 2. to develop a new in vitro protocol to generate an homogeneous population of allo-antigen specific IL-10-producing Tr1 cells by LV-IL-10 gene transfer. To achieve the first aim the cytotoxic activity of polyclonal CD4IL-10 cells has been tested against a panel of primary blasts. In vitro studies show that the cytolysis of CD4IL-10 cells is HLA-class I- and granzyme B-dependent, is specific for CD13+ cells, and requires CD54-mediated adhesion and CD112 expression on target primary leukemic blasts. Moreover, in vivo studies show that adoptive transfer of CD4IL-10 cells in humanized models prevents xeno-GvHD mediated by human allogeneic T cells, while sparing their GvL capacity. In addition, we prove that CD4IL-10 T cells have potent anti-leukemia effects also in vivo. To achieve the second aim human naive CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with allogeneic in vitro differentiated mature DC. During second stimulation T cells are transduced with LV-IL-10, and CD4IL-10 cells are selected, expanded, and functionally characterized. Upon allo-antigen specific stimulation, CD4IL-10 cells secrete significantly higher levels of IL-10 and comparable amounts of IFN- compared to control cells, and display an anergic and suppressive phenotype. Overall, results from these studies provide a strong rationale for the use of CD4IL-10 cells to prevent GvHD while preserving GvL in allo-HSCT to cure myeloid malignancies and represent the first step for the development of allo-antigen specific Tr1 cells and will contribute to increase the use of Tr1-based immunotherapy, inducing tolerance to selected antigens, while minimizing general immune suppression.
Le Tr1 sono un subset di cellule regolatorie CD4+ indotte in periferia e caratterizzate dalla produzione di IL-10. Nell’ultimo decennio molte risorse sono state impiegate nella ricerca di metodi efficaci per la produzione di cellule Tr1 in vitro. Il nostro gruppo ha dimostrato che Tr1 antigene-specifiche possono essere ottenute in vitro mediante l’utilizzo di IL-10 o di cellule dendritiche tolerogeniche (DC-10). Trials clinici nell’ambito di trapianti allogenici di cellule staminali ematopoietiche (allo-HSCT) hanno dimostrato il basso rischio di terapie cellulari basate sull’uso di Tr1. Il limite dei metodi sopra citati è la presenza di una frazione di non Tr1 che potrebbe limitarne l'efficacia. Per cui abbiamo sviluppato un protocollo per generare Tr1 (CD4IL-10) utilizzando un vettore lentivirale (LV) che codifica per IL-10 e . Abbiamo dimostrato che forzando l’espressione di IL-10 in CD4+ umane si ottengono cellule con fenotipo e funzioni sovrapponibili a quelle delle Tr1, inclusa la capacità di eliminare cellule mieloidi. Inoltre, il trasferimento di cellule CD4IL-10 in topi immuno-deficienti sopprime la reazione di xeno-GvHD (Andolfi e Fousteri, Mol Ther 2012). Tuttavia, non è ancora chiaro se la terapia cellulare con CD4IL-10 può influenzare l’attività anti-leucemica (GvL). Gli obiettivi del progetto di dottorato sono: 1. Definire se la lisi delle CD4IL-10 è sovrapponibile a quello di Tr1 e convalidare l'uso di CD4IL-10 policlonali come terapia cellulare in modelli pre-clinici di GvL e GvHD; 2. Sviluppare un protocollo in vitro per generare cellule allo-specifiche Tr1-like lentivirale LV-IL-10. Per raggiungere il primo obiettivo, l'attività citotossica di cellule policlonali CD4IL-10 è stata testata contro un pannello di blasti primari. Studi in vitro dimostrano che l'attività litica di cellule CD4IL-10 è dipendente dall’attivazione mediata da molecole di HLA di classe I e dal rilascio di granzimaB; inoltre, è specifica nei confronti di cellule CD13+, e richiede l'adesione mediata dal CD54 e l’espressione di CD112 sui blasti. Inoltre, studi in vivo dimostrano che il trasferimento di cellule CD4IL-10 in modelli umanizzati impedisce la reazione di xeno-GvHD mediata da cellule T allogeniche, senza inibirne la loro attività antileucemica (GvL). Inoltre, le CD4IL-10 hanno un’attività anti-leucemica anche in vivo. Per raggiungere il secondo obiettivo, CD4+ sono state messe in coltura con mDC. Durante la seconda stimolazione, le cellule T sono state trasdotte con LV-IL-10. Le CD4IL-10 sono state isolate, espanse, e caratterizzate. Dopo stimolazione allo-specifica, le CD4IL-10 secernono livelli più elevati di IL-10 e comparabili di IFN-γ rispetto a cellule di controllo; inoltre, mostrano un fenotipo anergico e soppressivo. Nel complesso, i risultati di questi studi forniscono un razionale per l'uso di CD4IL-10 per inibire la reazione di GvHD, preservando la GvL a seguito di allo-HSCT per curare tumori mieloidi e rappresentano il primo passo per lo sviluppo di cellule Tr1 allo-specifiche e incrementerà l'utilizzo delle Tr1 come terapia per indurre tolleranza verso antigeni selezionati, riducendo la soppressione immunitaria generale.
(2015). In vitro generation and in vivo characterization of IL-10 engineered T cells suitable for adoptive immunotherapy. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
In vitro generation and in vivo characterization of IL-10 engineered T cells suitable for adoptive immunotherapy
LOCAFARO, GRAZIA
2015
Abstract
T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells are a subset of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells induced in the periphery and characterized by IL-10 production. During the last decade much effort has been dedicated to establish suitable methods for Tr1 cell generation in vitro for Treg-cell based therapy. We demonstrated that Tr1 cells can be generated in vitro in an antigen-specific manner with recombinant IL-10 or IL-10-producing tolerogenic DC-10. Proof-of-principle clinical trials in allo-HSCT demonstrated the safety of Treg-based cell therapy with these Tr1 cells. However, Tr1 cell cultures generated with the above mentioned methods include a fraction of non-Tr1 cells that may limit the efficacy of immunotherapy with Tr1 cells. To overcome this limitation we developed a protocol to generate Tr1 (CD4IL-10) cells using a Lentiviral Vector (LV) encoding for human IL-10 and , as marker gene. We showed that enforced IL-10 expression confers Tr1 phenotype and functions to human CD4+ T cells, including killing of myeloid cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CD4IL-10 cells into immune-deficient mice suppresses xeno-GvHD (Andolfi G. and Fousteri G., Mol Ther 2012). However, it is still unclear whether adoptive therapy with CD4IL-10 cells can affect Graft versus Leukemia (GvL) activity. The aims of my PhD project are: 1. to define whether killing mediated by CD4IL-10 cells is super-imposable to that of classical Tr1 cells and to validate the use of polyclonal CD4IL-10 cells as cell therapy in humanized pre-clinical models of GvL and GvHD; 2. to develop a new in vitro protocol to generate an homogeneous population of allo-antigen specific IL-10-producing Tr1 cells by LV-IL-10 gene transfer. To achieve the first aim the cytotoxic activity of polyclonal CD4IL-10 cells has been tested against a panel of primary blasts. In vitro studies show that the cytolysis of CD4IL-10 cells is HLA-class I- and granzyme B-dependent, is specific for CD13+ cells, and requires CD54-mediated adhesion and CD112 expression on target primary leukemic blasts. Moreover, in vivo studies show that adoptive transfer of CD4IL-10 cells in humanized models prevents xeno-GvHD mediated by human allogeneic T cells, while sparing their GvL capacity. In addition, we prove that CD4IL-10 T cells have potent anti-leukemia effects also in vivo. To achieve the second aim human naive CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with allogeneic in vitro differentiated mature DC. During second stimulation T cells are transduced with LV-IL-10, and CD4IL-10 cells are selected, expanded, and functionally characterized. Upon allo-antigen specific stimulation, CD4IL-10 cells secrete significantly higher levels of IL-10 and comparable amounts of IFN- compared to control cells, and display an anergic and suppressive phenotype. Overall, results from these studies provide a strong rationale for the use of CD4IL-10 cells to prevent GvHD while preserving GvL in allo-HSCT to cure myeloid malignancies and represent the first step for the development of allo-antigen specific Tr1 cells and will contribute to increase the use of Tr1-based immunotherapy, inducing tolerance to selected antigens, while minimizing general immune suppression.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD_unimib_716071.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi dottorato
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Doctoral thesis
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