This thesis provides an empirical exploration of the relationship between firms’ energy efficiency (including investments designed to enhance it), financial performance and productivity. This topic is particularly relevant in a modern society as it aims to facilitate firms’ and policy makers’ decision-making process by studying in detail both the consequences of green investments and the implications of higher levels of energy efficiency. The first chapter of this thesis examines the effect of green investments on market power. I measure the market power as markup following the method provided in De Loecker and Warzynski (2012). For green investments, I consider specifically the investments of firms in energy efficient technologies, both as the binary variable and as the continuous variable. This allows the examination of how the presence of such investments as well as their intensity affect markups. I use firm, age, year, sector and country fixed effects with a representative sample of indicatively 12,000 firms from the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) in the panel from 2016 to 2022. I find the positive and statistically significant relationship that holds also when applying the 2SLS-IV methodology. This study is particularly relevant for firms that are willing to increase their market power and to improve their environmentally friendly image in the eyes of their customers without the need of engaging in greenwashing practices. Instead, the firms are invited to consider energy efficiency investments as a concrete way of improving both their markups and the loyalty of their customers. The second chapter, co-authored with Fotios Kalantzis, Matteo Manera and Debora Revoltella, uses a representative sample of approximately 12,000 firms in the EU27 and 800 in the US from the unique data from the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) to investigate the links between energy efficiency, productivity and profitability. Many firms seeking to maximise profits may not recognise the potential financial benefits of enhancing energy efficiency and productivity. We employ meta stochastic frontier analysis to estimate energy efficiency for each firm, accounting for differences in technologies across 14 sectors. Energy productivity is assessed using two methods: (1) Total-Factor Energy Productivity estimation via the Malmquist productivity index, and (2) traditional Total Factor Productivity using the Levinsohn-Petrin method. This initially allows us to identify the best and worst performers in energy efficiency and/or energy productivity, comparing them with their profitability and total factor productivity (TFP). We then employ the instrumental variables (IV) approach, finding a positive and statistically significant relationship between energy efficiency/ productivity and profitability/ TFP, indicating the benefits of considering these factors in firms’ decisions. The evidence presented in this thesis strongly supports the adoption of energy efficiency measures as a strategic priority for firms. By doing so, firms can not only improve their financial performance and market competitiveness but also contribute to broader societal goals of sustainability and climate change mitigation.

Questa tesi fornisce un’esplorazione empirica della relazione tra l’efficienza energetica delle imprese (inclusi gli investimenti progettati per migliorarla), le prestazioni finanziarie e la produttività. Questo argomento è particolarmente rilevante in una società moderna poiché mira a facilitare il processo decisionale delle imprese e dei responsabili politici studiando in dettaglio sia le conseguenze degli investimenti verdi sia le implicazioni di livelli più elevati di efficienza energetica. Il primo capitolo di questa tesi esamina l’effetto degli investimenti verdi sul potere di mercato. Misuro il potere di mercato come markup seguendo il metodo fornito da De Loecker e Warzynski (2012). Per gli investimenti verdi, considero specificamente gli investimenti delle imprese in tecnologie energeticamente efficienti, sia come variabile binaria che come variabile continua. Questo consente di esaminare come la presenza di tali investimenti e la loro intensità influenzino i markup. Utilizzo effetti fissi per impresa, età, anno, settore e paese con un campione rappresentativo di circa 12.000 imprese dal sondaggio sugli investimenti della Banca Europea per gli Investimenti (EIBIS) nel periodo dal 2016 al 2022. Trovo una relazione positiva e statisticamente significativa che si mantiene anche applicando la metodologia 2SLS-IV. Questo studio è particolarmente rilevante per le imprese che desiderano aumentare il loro potere di mercato e migliorare la loro immagine ecologica agli occhi dei loro clienti senza dover ricorrere a pratiche di greenwashing. Invece, le imprese sono invitate a considerare gli investimenti in efficienza energetica come un modo concreto per migliorare sia i loro markup che la fedeltà dei loro clienti. Il secondo capitolo, scritto insieme ai co-autori Fotios Kalantzis, Matteo Manera e Debora Revoltella, utilizza un campione rappresentativo di circa 12.000 imprese nell’UE27 e 800 negli Stati Uniti dai dati unici del sondaggio sugli investimenti della Banca Europea per gli Investimenti (EIBIS) per investigare i legami tra efficienza energetica, produttività e redditività. Molte imprese che cercano di massimizzare i profitti potrebbero non riconoscere i potenziali benefici finanziari del miglioramento dell’efficienza energetica e della produttività. Utilizziamo l’analisi della frontiera stocastica meta per stimare l’efficienza energetica per ciascuna impresa, tenendo conto delle differenze nelle tecnologie in 14 settori. La produttività energetica viene valutata utilizzando due metodi: (1) stima della produttività energetica totale tramite l’indice di produttività Malmquist e (2) produttività totale dei fattori tradizionale utilizzando il metodo Levinsohn-Petrin. Questo ci consente inizialmente di identificare i migliori e i peggiori performer in efficienza energetica e/o produttività energetica, confrontandoli con la loro redditività e produttività totale dei fattori (TFP). Successivamente, utilizziamo l’approccio delle variabili strumentali (IV), trovando una relazione positiva e statisticamente significativa tra efficienza energetica/produttività e redditività/TFP, indicando i benefici di considerare questi fattori nelle decisioni delle imprese. Le evidenze presentate in questa tesi supportano fortemente l’adozione di misure di efficienza energetica come priorità strategica per le imprese. Facendo così, le imprese possono non solo migliorare le loro prestazioni finanziarie e la competitività sul mercato, ma anche contribuire agli obiettivi sociali più ampi di sostenibilità e mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici.

(2025). Essays on Energy Economics: Energy Efficiency and Productivity. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).

Essays on Energy Economics: Energy Efficiency and Productivity

BRUNI, ANASTASIA
2025

Abstract

This thesis provides an empirical exploration of the relationship between firms’ energy efficiency (including investments designed to enhance it), financial performance and productivity. This topic is particularly relevant in a modern society as it aims to facilitate firms’ and policy makers’ decision-making process by studying in detail both the consequences of green investments and the implications of higher levels of energy efficiency. The first chapter of this thesis examines the effect of green investments on market power. I measure the market power as markup following the method provided in De Loecker and Warzynski (2012). For green investments, I consider specifically the investments of firms in energy efficient technologies, both as the binary variable and as the continuous variable. This allows the examination of how the presence of such investments as well as their intensity affect markups. I use firm, age, year, sector and country fixed effects with a representative sample of indicatively 12,000 firms from the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) in the panel from 2016 to 2022. I find the positive and statistically significant relationship that holds also when applying the 2SLS-IV methodology. This study is particularly relevant for firms that are willing to increase their market power and to improve their environmentally friendly image in the eyes of their customers without the need of engaging in greenwashing practices. Instead, the firms are invited to consider energy efficiency investments as a concrete way of improving both their markups and the loyalty of their customers. The second chapter, co-authored with Fotios Kalantzis, Matteo Manera and Debora Revoltella, uses a representative sample of approximately 12,000 firms in the EU27 and 800 in the US from the unique data from the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) to investigate the links between energy efficiency, productivity and profitability. Many firms seeking to maximise profits may not recognise the potential financial benefits of enhancing energy efficiency and productivity. We employ meta stochastic frontier analysis to estimate energy efficiency for each firm, accounting for differences in technologies across 14 sectors. Energy productivity is assessed using two methods: (1) Total-Factor Energy Productivity estimation via the Malmquist productivity index, and (2) traditional Total Factor Productivity using the Levinsohn-Petrin method. This initially allows us to identify the best and worst performers in energy efficiency and/or energy productivity, comparing them with their profitability and total factor productivity (TFP). We then employ the instrumental variables (IV) approach, finding a positive and statistically significant relationship between energy efficiency/ productivity and profitability/ TFP, indicating the benefits of considering these factors in firms’ decisions. The evidence presented in this thesis strongly supports the adoption of energy efficiency measures as a strategic priority for firms. By doing so, firms can not only improve their financial performance and market competitiveness but also contribute to broader societal goals of sustainability and climate change mitigation.
MANERA, MATTEO
investimenti verdi; efficienza; markup; profittabilità; produttività
green investments; energy efficiency; markup; profitability; productivity
Settore ECON-04/A - Economia applicata
English
26-feb-2025
36
2023/2024
open
(2025). Essays on Energy Economics: Energy Efficiency and Productivity. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
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Descrizione: ESSAYS ON ENERGY ECONOMICS: Energy Efficiency and Productivity
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/543113
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