This thesis presents an anthropological exploration of how Senegalese elderly migrants engage with Islam and its practices as resources to navigate an uncertain and unpredictable life. It posits that migration is not merely a geographical movement, but a journey brimming with existential challenges that relate to the dreams, hopes, and aspirations of individuals. Its initial assumption is that human life unfolds amid uncontrollable circumstances and inscrutable futures, while individuals strive to secure some measure of control over their lives (Jackson, 2013). This manuscript focuses on the attempts that Senegalese elderly migrants undertake to bring their existences into closer alignment with their desires. More specifically, it examines the practices pertaining to Islam that are thought to represent potential pathways to their desired outcomes. Based on a multi-sited ethnography conducted in Rufisque, Dakar, and Touba (Senegal) and Milan (Italy) between November 2022 and mid-December 2023, this research addresses the following questions: how to make sense of the religious lexicon that Senegalese elderly migrants use when narrating their experiences? How do they turn to Islam and its practices to mitigate their worries, gain a greater sense of control over their life, and orient it positively? How to understand the references to God’s will in their narratives and the role of human action vis-à-vis greater powers? Thus, this thesis prioritises the lived experiences of Senegalese elderly migrants and their everyday religious practices over the dogmatic debates surrounding contemporary Islam. The focus is not on “what Islam is” but on how it matters in the lives of its adherents (Schielke, 2010). More explicitly, the Islamic practices that Senegalese elders perform are discussed in relation to their existential struggles, their efforts to make sense of their lives, and their emotions. At the heart of this manuscript lies the quest for spiritual support that they pursue, largely evolving transnationally. Consulting Muslim religious specialists, turning to divination, almsgiving, soliciting blessings and prayers, and making use of amulets crafted from Qur’anic scripts are central to this exploration. Chapter 1 introduces Sufi Islam in Senegal, providing an overview of the spread of Islam, the emergence of Sufi brotherhoods, and the key characteristics of Sufism. It also offers a review of the extensive body of studies on Senegal and its diaspora. Chapter 2 is based on academic literature, field observations, and migrants’ narratives and examines the role of Muslim religious specialists in contemporary Senegal, revealing how they participate in the daily lives of believers. Chapter 3 discusses the life history of an elderly Senegalese migrant. It brings to light his existential struggles and the quest for spiritual support he embarked on, disclosing how Islamic practices interact with uncertainty, unpredictability, and hope. Chapter 4 analyses the transnational circulation of Islamic amulets that travel from Senegal to Italy, showing how they embody spiritual ties and evoke empowering emotions in their users. Chapter 5 focuses solely on the narratives of Senegalese migrants belonging to the Murid brotherhood. It reveals that migration journeys are often narrated mobilising references to Islam, such as Muslim religious specialists’ miracles, prayers, and blessings. In addition, it sheds light on the attitude of disciples towards past and contemporary representatives of the Muridiyya, highlighting the coexistence of admiration and discontent in their narratives. Overall, this manuscript underscores the vital role of religious faith in migration and life journeys, contributing to the anthropology of migrations and that of Islam.
Questa tesi propone un’esplorazione antropologica del rapporto tra i migranti senegalesi anziani e l’Islam. In particolare, si evidenzia come quest’ultimo rappresenti una risorsa per affrontare una vita incerta e imprevedibile. Emigrare non significa solamente spostarsi da un luogo a un altro, ma avventurarsi in un percorso che si nutre di sogni, speranze e aspirazioni, il cui raggiungimento, tuttavia, è per lo più aleatorio. Se da una parte le circostanze in cui la vita umana si svolge sono scarsamente governabili, dall’altra gli individui si adoperano per mantenere un certo grado di controllo sulle proprie vite (Jackson, 2013). I tentativi che i migranti senegalesi anziani mettono in atto per condurre le proprie vite verso gli orizzonti che sperano di raggiungere sono al centro di questo lavoro. A partire da un’etnografia multi-situata condotta tra novembre 2022 e dicembre 2023 a Rufisque, Dakar e Touba (Senegal) e Milano, questa ricerca affronta le seguenti domande: come dare senso al vocabolario religioso che i migranti senegalesi anziani utilizzano quando raccontano le proprie esperienze? In che modo si rivolgono all’Islam e alle sue pratiche per alleviare le proprie preoccupazioni, ottenere un maggiore senso di controllo sulla propria vita e orientarla positivamente? Come interpretare i riferimenti alla volontà di Dio nelle loro narrazioni e lo spazio per l’azione umana di fronte ai poteri trascendenti? Di conseguenza, questo lavoro privilegia le esperienze vissute dei migranti senegalesi anziani e le loro pratiche religiose quotidiane rispetto ai dibattiti dogmatici che interessano l’Islam contemporaneo. L’attenzione è posta non tanto su “che cosa sia l’Islam”, ma su come questo conti nelle vite dei credenti (Schielke, 2010). Più esplicitamente, le pratiche religiose dei migranti senegalesi anziani sono discusse in relazione alle loro preoccupazioni esistenziali, ai loro sforzi per dare senso alla vite e alle loro emozioni. Al centro di questo manoscritto vi è dunque la ricerca di supporto spirituale che i migranti senegalesi intraprendono, spesso a livello transnazionale. Si approfondiscono la consultazione di specialisti religiosi musulmani, il ricorso alla divinazione, le richieste di benedizioni e preghiere e l’uso di amuleti realizzati a partire dal Corano. Il Capitolo 1 propone un’introduzione all’Islam sufi in Senegal. Segue una rassegna della letteratura che si è occupata del tema. Il Capitolo 2 esamina il ruolo degli specialisti religiosi musulmani nel Senegal contemporaneo, rivelando come questi partecipino nelle vite quotidiane dei credenti. Il Capitolo 3 discute la storia di vita di un anziano senegalese con un’esperienza di migrazione in Italia. In particolare, si indaga la complessa ricerca di supporto spirituale intrapresa da quest’ultimo, rivelando come le pratiche religiose interagiscano con l’incertezza, l’imprevedibilità e la speranza. Il Capitolo 4 analizza la circolazione transnazionale degli amuleti che viaggiano dal Senegal verso l’Italia. In particolare, si sostiene che essi rappresentino oggetti dal valore affettivo ed evochino emozioni positive in chi ne fa uso. Il Capitolo 5 si concentra esclusivamente sulle narrazioni dei migranti senegalesi che appartengono alla confraternita Murid. In particolare, questo capitolo rivela che i percorsi migratori sono spesso narrati convocando nozioni legate all’Islam, tra cui il compimento di miracoli e l’efficacia di preghiere e benedizioni. Esplora inoltre gli atteggiamenti che i discepoli Murid nutrono nei confronti dei rappresentanti passati e presenti della confraternita nota come Muridiyya. Complessivamente, questo elaborato discute il ruolo vitale della fede nella migrazione e nei percorsi di vita, contribuendo così all’antropologia delle migrazioni e a quella dell’Islam.
(2025). EVERYDAY ISLAM, NARRATIVES, AND MIGRATION. UNCERTAINTY AND THE QUEST FOR SPIRITUAL SUPPORT AMONG SENEGALESE ELDERS. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
EVERYDAY ISLAM, NARRATIVES, AND MIGRATION. UNCERTAINTY AND THE QUEST FOR SPIRITUAL SUPPORT AMONG SENEGALESE ELDERS
DIA, YASSIN MARCELLA
2025
Abstract
This thesis presents an anthropological exploration of how Senegalese elderly migrants engage with Islam and its practices as resources to navigate an uncertain and unpredictable life. It posits that migration is not merely a geographical movement, but a journey brimming with existential challenges that relate to the dreams, hopes, and aspirations of individuals. Its initial assumption is that human life unfolds amid uncontrollable circumstances and inscrutable futures, while individuals strive to secure some measure of control over their lives (Jackson, 2013). This manuscript focuses on the attempts that Senegalese elderly migrants undertake to bring their existences into closer alignment with their desires. More specifically, it examines the practices pertaining to Islam that are thought to represent potential pathways to their desired outcomes. Based on a multi-sited ethnography conducted in Rufisque, Dakar, and Touba (Senegal) and Milan (Italy) between November 2022 and mid-December 2023, this research addresses the following questions: how to make sense of the religious lexicon that Senegalese elderly migrants use when narrating their experiences? How do they turn to Islam and its practices to mitigate their worries, gain a greater sense of control over their life, and orient it positively? How to understand the references to God’s will in their narratives and the role of human action vis-à-vis greater powers? Thus, this thesis prioritises the lived experiences of Senegalese elderly migrants and their everyday religious practices over the dogmatic debates surrounding contemporary Islam. The focus is not on “what Islam is” but on how it matters in the lives of its adherents (Schielke, 2010). More explicitly, the Islamic practices that Senegalese elders perform are discussed in relation to their existential struggles, their efforts to make sense of their lives, and their emotions. At the heart of this manuscript lies the quest for spiritual support that they pursue, largely evolving transnationally. Consulting Muslim religious specialists, turning to divination, almsgiving, soliciting blessings and prayers, and making use of amulets crafted from Qur’anic scripts are central to this exploration. Chapter 1 introduces Sufi Islam in Senegal, providing an overview of the spread of Islam, the emergence of Sufi brotherhoods, and the key characteristics of Sufism. It also offers a review of the extensive body of studies on Senegal and its diaspora. Chapter 2 is based on academic literature, field observations, and migrants’ narratives and examines the role of Muslim religious specialists in contemporary Senegal, revealing how they participate in the daily lives of believers. Chapter 3 discusses the life history of an elderly Senegalese migrant. It brings to light his existential struggles and the quest for spiritual support he embarked on, disclosing how Islamic practices interact with uncertainty, unpredictability, and hope. Chapter 4 analyses the transnational circulation of Islamic amulets that travel from Senegal to Italy, showing how they embody spiritual ties and evoke empowering emotions in their users. Chapter 5 focuses solely on the narratives of Senegalese migrants belonging to the Murid brotherhood. It reveals that migration journeys are often narrated mobilising references to Islam, such as Muslim religious specialists’ miracles, prayers, and blessings. In addition, it sheds light on the attitude of disciples towards past and contemporary representatives of the Muridiyya, highlighting the coexistence of admiration and discontent in their narratives. Overall, this manuscript underscores the vital role of religious faith in migration and life journeys, contributing to the anthropology of migrations and that of Islam.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: EVERYDAY ISLAM, NARRATIVES, AND MIGRATION. UNCERTAINTY AND THE QUEST FOR SPIRITUAL SUPPORT AMONG SENEGALESE ELDERS
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