This doctoral thesis investigates the relationship between security and freedom in the pluralistic society. The research question to provide an answer to is whether it is possible to find a new paradigm in which security and freedom are not antithetical. In this perspective, the survey reflects on the possibility of enforcing the legal protection of security not only by respecting fundamental freedoms and rights, but even taking advantage of their fuller application. In particular, the analysis will focus on the phenomenon that today, much more than others, seems to require constant reflection on the subject, providing significant insights: migration. In this specific perspective, the thesis focuses on two profiles that clearly explain the relationship between security and freedom: the integration of the legally resident foreigner (which is intended as a way to fight radicalisation and religiously motivated terrorism) and the fight against illegal immigration (observed as a factor of danger for security and public order). It is important to point out, however, that any legal reasoning on the matter is quite difficult: the many and frequent regulatory interventions in this area often seem to have given an answer not so much to the objective problem, but to something else. Dealing with “security” interweaves reality and perceptions of the social body. The impression that the national legislative process has at least sometimes sought to respond to the latter rather than the former is an aspect which the research work tries to clarify; only by distinguishing the two phenomena, indeed, it is possible to reason about the most appropriate regulatory interventions to govern the phenomenon of (regular and irregular) migration. Because of this approach, it seems essential to set the analysis of the subject by focusing firstly on a definition of “security” capable of revealing its legal nature. This work therefore chooses to distinguish the legal from the political point of view; the legal analysis of “security” and migratory issues cannot take the approach of that public discourse which, sometimes, seems to address the issues of “state security” and “public security” in a perspective that endangers the rights of freedom. Such an analysis, as a strict consequence, shall first reflect on “security” as a multiform figure, which changes according to the historical, political and cultural context, sinking its roots into the history of legal, philosophical and sociological doctrines and State forms. Given this approach and in the context just mentioned, the thesis attempts to identify the dividing line between policies aimed at ensuring greater security and migration policies. At national level, the latter, especially in the last twenty years, seem to have been almost exclusively based on a securitarian approach, which takes lesser and lesser into account the national, supranational and international legislation relating to the rights of migrants (whether or not regular). In order to build this reflection, this work also examines the multi-level system of fundamental rights protection and also, in comparative perspective, the French legal system, with particular reference to the regulation of illegal immigration. For this reason, although the relationship between security and freedom has already been addressed by many studies, it still attracts so much interest that it can be treated within this research work.
La presente tesi di dottorato indaga il rapporto tra sicurezza e libertà nella società pluralista. La domanda di ricerca alla quale si tenterà di fornire una risposta prova, dunque, a comprendere se sia possibile indicare un nuovo paradigma in base al quale sicurezza e libertà non si pongono in antitesi tra di loro. In questa prospettiva, il lavoro riflette sulla possibilità di declinare il bene giuridico della sicurezza non solo nel rispetto delle libertà e dei diritti fondamentali, ma, addirittura, traendo vantaggio dalla loro più piena applicazione. In particolare, l’analisi si concentrerà sul fenomeno che, oggi, ben più di altri pare chiedere una riflessione costante sul tema, fornendo spunti di approfondimento significativi - quello migratorio. In questa specifica ottica, la tesi si sofferma su due profili che esplicitano in modo netto il rapporto intercorrente tra sicurezza e libertà: l’integrazione dello straniero regolarmente soggiornante (intesa come strumento di contrasto alla radicalizzazione e al terrorismo di matrice religiosa) e la lotta all’immigrazione irregolare (osservata in quanto fattore di pericolo per la sicurezza e l’ordine pubblico). È però importante segnalare fin da ora l’aspetto che rende difficile ogni ragionamento giuridico sulla questione: i molteplici e frequenti interventi normativi in materia sembrano spesso aver dato risposta non tanto al problema oggettivo da disciplinare, ma ad altro. Trattare della “sicurezza” intreccia dati di realtà e percezioni del corpo sociale. L’impressione che il percorso legislativo nazionale abbia voluto dare, almeno a volte, risposta alle seconde invece che al primo, è un aspetto che il lavoro di ricerca intende chiarire; solo distinguendo i due fenomeni, infatti, è possibile ragionare sugli interventi normativi più adatti a governare il fenomeno della migrazione (regolare e irregolare). Proprio in ragione di questo approccio, è parso indispensabile impostare l’analisi del tema anzitutto concentrandosi su una definizione della “sicurezza” capace di svelarne la natura giuridica. Il presente lavoro sceglie quindi di distinguere il piano giuridico da quello in senso lato politico; l’analisi giuridica del fenomeno della “sicurezza” e della questione della migrazione non può adottare l’approccio di quel discorso pubblico, che, alle volte, sembra affrontare il tema della “sicurezza dello Stato” o della “sicurezza pubblica” in una prospettiva che rischia di mettere in pericolo i diritti di libertà. Una simile analisi, di stretta conseguenza, deve anzitutto riflettere sulla “sicurezza”, come figura anfibologica e multiforme, che muta a seconda del contesto storico, politico e culturale all’interno del quale si inserisce, affondando le proprie radici nella storia delle dottrine giuridiche, filosofiche e sociologiche e in quella delle forme di Stato. Dato questo approccio e proprio nella cornice appena accennata, la tesi di ricerca prova a individuare la linea di demarcazione tra le politiche volte a garantire una maggiore sicurezza e le politiche migratorie. A livello nazionale, queste ultime, soprattutto negli ultimi vent’anni, sembrano essere state improntate quasi unicamente ad un’ottica sicuritaria, che tiene sempre meno in considerazione la normativa nazionale, sovra- ed internazionale inerente ai diritti di chi migra (in modo regolare o meno). Per costruire al meglio questo spunto di riflessione, il lavoro esamina anche il sistema multilivello di garanzia dei diritti fondamentali della persona umana e, in ottica comparata, l’ordinamento francese, con particolare riferimento alla disciplina dell’immigrazione irregolare. Proprio per questo, sebbene il tema del rapporto tra sicurezza e libertà sia stato affrontato già da molti studi, a tutt’oggi sollecita interesse al punto da poter essere trattato all’interno di un lavoro di ricerca.
(2025). Il rapporto tra sicurezza e libertà alla luce del fenomeno migratorio: alla ricerca di un nuovo paradigma. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
Il rapporto tra sicurezza e libertà alla luce del fenomeno migratorio: alla ricerca di un nuovo paradigma
RESTUCCIA, LAURA
2025
Abstract
This doctoral thesis investigates the relationship between security and freedom in the pluralistic society. The research question to provide an answer to is whether it is possible to find a new paradigm in which security and freedom are not antithetical. In this perspective, the survey reflects on the possibility of enforcing the legal protection of security not only by respecting fundamental freedoms and rights, but even taking advantage of their fuller application. In particular, the analysis will focus on the phenomenon that today, much more than others, seems to require constant reflection on the subject, providing significant insights: migration. In this specific perspective, the thesis focuses on two profiles that clearly explain the relationship between security and freedom: the integration of the legally resident foreigner (which is intended as a way to fight radicalisation and religiously motivated terrorism) and the fight against illegal immigration (observed as a factor of danger for security and public order). It is important to point out, however, that any legal reasoning on the matter is quite difficult: the many and frequent regulatory interventions in this area often seem to have given an answer not so much to the objective problem, but to something else. Dealing with “security” interweaves reality and perceptions of the social body. The impression that the national legislative process has at least sometimes sought to respond to the latter rather than the former is an aspect which the research work tries to clarify; only by distinguishing the two phenomena, indeed, it is possible to reason about the most appropriate regulatory interventions to govern the phenomenon of (regular and irregular) migration. Because of this approach, it seems essential to set the analysis of the subject by focusing firstly on a definition of “security” capable of revealing its legal nature. This work therefore chooses to distinguish the legal from the political point of view; the legal analysis of “security” and migratory issues cannot take the approach of that public discourse which, sometimes, seems to address the issues of “state security” and “public security” in a perspective that endangers the rights of freedom. Such an analysis, as a strict consequence, shall first reflect on “security” as a multiform figure, which changes according to the historical, political and cultural context, sinking its roots into the history of legal, philosophical and sociological doctrines and State forms. Given this approach and in the context just mentioned, the thesis attempts to identify the dividing line between policies aimed at ensuring greater security and migration policies. At national level, the latter, especially in the last twenty years, seem to have been almost exclusively based on a securitarian approach, which takes lesser and lesser into account the national, supranational and international legislation relating to the rights of migrants (whether or not regular). In order to build this reflection, this work also examines the multi-level system of fundamental rights protection and also, in comparative perspective, the French legal system, with particular reference to the regulation of illegal immigration. For this reason, although the relationship between security and freedom has already been addressed by many studies, it still attracts so much interest that it can be treated within this research work.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Doctoral thesis
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