Technological developments over the past decade have given rise to the digital identity, an online manifestation of the individual realized through the constant sharing of personal data on accounts across major platforms, which collectively form part of digital heritage. In light of this phenomenon—which establishes the endurance of virtual identity over personal identity — one of the primary issues for legal practitioners is the regulation after death both of digital data and the contractual relationships between users and providers. Specifically, it raises the question of whether it is possible to transfer these data upon death and if heirs may fully assume the position of the deceased within the internet service contract. In consideration of the traditional Italian principles of unity and patrimoniality of successions, this work aims to illustrate the main and innovative solutions to these questions through a preliminary reconstruction of the legal nature of digital data and the contractual relationships in which such data are integrated, with particular attention to those of social networks. Regarding the first aspect, this analysis highlights the economic value that such data holds for providers — who, thanks to their quantity and quality, can conduct targeted commercial operations — thereby enabling their recognition as non-rival consumable movable assets under Article 811 of the Civil Code, making the service only seemingly free. Concerning the second aspect, as an immediate consequence of the first, it seems possible to classify the contractual framework under examination within the scope of consumer contracts. Although the contractual terms imposed by major providers deny heirs the right to assume the contractual position of the deceased due to the typical U.S. managerial culture — where most of these providers are headquartered — it is nevertheless possible to permit the transfer of digital data upon death. This analysis therefore considers the only existing regulation in Italy on the matter, Article 2-terdecies of the Privacy Code, which limits itself to recognizing the ‘persistence’ of personality rights — such as access, updating, rectification, deletion, and objection to the data of the deceased — in favor of the successors identified in the provision, and questions whether this is in itself complete and sufficient to regulate the entire succession phenomenon.

Lo sviluppo tecnologico dell’ultimo decennio ha dato origine alla c.d. identità digitale consistente nella declinazione online dell’individuo, realizzata attraverso la costante condivisione sugli account delle principali piattaforme di dati personali, che nel loro complesso formano parte del c.d. patrimonio digitale. Di fronte a questo fenomeno – che sancisce la sopravvivenza dell’identità virtuale su quella personale - una delle principali questioni che il giurista è chiamato ad affrontare riguarda la disciplina post mortale dei dati digitali nonché dei rapporti contrattuali tra utente e providers. In particolare ci si interroga se sia possibile trasmettere per causa di morte detti dati e se i successibili possano subentrare nell’esatta posizione del de cuius nel contratto di internet service. Alla luce dei tradizionali principi dell’ordinamento italiano di unitarietà e patrimonialità delle successioni, la presente opera intende illustrare le principali ed innovative soluzioni a questi interrogativi attraverso la preliminare ricostruzione della natura giuridica dei dati digitali e dei rapporti contrattuali in cui i primi vengono inseriti, ponendo particolare attenzione a quelli dei social networks. Rispetto al primo profilo si vuole evidenziare il valore economico che tali dati assumono per i providers - i quali grazie alla quantità ed alla qualità degli stessi possono effettuare operazioni commerciali mirate – consentendo così il loro riconoscimento quali beni mobili a consumo non rivale, ex art. 811 c.c., e rendendo di conseguenza il servizio solo apparentemente gratuito; invece relativamente al secondo profilo, quale effetto immediato del primo, sembrerebbe potersi ricondurre la fattispecie contrattuale in esame nell’ambito dei contratti consumeristici. Sebbene le condizioni contrattuali imposte dai più importanti providers neghino il subingresso dei successori nel rapporto negoziale del de cuius, a causa della tipica cultura gestionale statunitense - dove la maggior parte di detti providers ha sede - è comunque possibile ammettere la trasmissione per causa di morte dei dati digitali. Si prende dunque in considerazione l’unica disciplina vigente in Italia in materia, l’art. 2-terdecies Cod. Privacy, che si limita a riconoscere la ‘persistenza’ dei diritti della personalità - quali accesso, aggiornamento, rettifica, cancellazione e opposizione ai dati dell’interessato - in capo ai successibili individuati nella norma e ci si chiede se essa sia di per sé completa e sufficiente a disciplinare l’intero fenomeno successorio.

(2025). Successione digitale e tutela post mortem dei dati personali. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).

Successione digitale e tutela post mortem dei dati personali

BERUTTI, LUCREZIA
2025

Abstract

Technological developments over the past decade have given rise to the digital identity, an online manifestation of the individual realized through the constant sharing of personal data on accounts across major platforms, which collectively form part of digital heritage. In light of this phenomenon—which establishes the endurance of virtual identity over personal identity — one of the primary issues for legal practitioners is the regulation after death both of digital data and the contractual relationships between users and providers. Specifically, it raises the question of whether it is possible to transfer these data upon death and if heirs may fully assume the position of the deceased within the internet service contract. In consideration of the traditional Italian principles of unity and patrimoniality of successions, this work aims to illustrate the main and innovative solutions to these questions through a preliminary reconstruction of the legal nature of digital data and the contractual relationships in which such data are integrated, with particular attention to those of social networks. Regarding the first aspect, this analysis highlights the economic value that such data holds for providers — who, thanks to their quantity and quality, can conduct targeted commercial operations — thereby enabling their recognition as non-rival consumable movable assets under Article 811 of the Civil Code, making the service only seemingly free. Concerning the second aspect, as an immediate consequence of the first, it seems possible to classify the contractual framework under examination within the scope of consumer contracts. Although the contractual terms imposed by major providers deny heirs the right to assume the contractual position of the deceased due to the typical U.S. managerial culture — where most of these providers are headquartered — it is nevertheless possible to permit the transfer of digital data upon death. This analysis therefore considers the only existing regulation in Italy on the matter, Article 2-terdecies of the Privacy Code, which limits itself to recognizing the ‘persistence’ of personality rights — such as access, updating, rectification, deletion, and objection to the data of the deceased — in favor of the successors identified in the provision, and questions whether this is in itself complete and sufficient to regulate the entire succession phenomenon.
IORIO, GIOVANNI
successione digitale; dati personali; successione; patrimonio digitale; morte digitale
assets; providers; internet service; account; privacy
IUS/01 - DIRITTO PRIVATO
Italian
13-feb-2025
37
2023/2024
embargoed_20280213
(2025). Successione digitale e tutela post mortem dei dati personali. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/541562
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