Background: Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with increasing global incidence. While most cases are sporadic, 5-10% are hereditary, particularly among patients with multiple primary melanomas and familiar melanoma. This study aims to explore the epidemiological, clinical, histological, and genetic characteristics of patients with multiple and familial melanomas to identify risk factors for improved management and surveillance strategies. Materials and Methods: Between 2021 and 2024, patients with multiple or familial melanomas were recruited. Data included demographic, clinical, phenotypic, histological, and genetic information, organized in a structured database. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate logistic regression, assessed associations between clinical factors and the risk of developing multiple melanomas. Results: Among 1,305 melanoma clinic patients, 333 (25.5%) had multiple or familial melanomas, with a mean age of 48.5 years (range 9-85) and 54.9% female. Familial melanoma was present in 49.2%, 31.8% had multiple melanomas, and 18.9% had both. Fitzpatrick skin types I or II were most common (58.2%). Notably, 59.2% reported frequent sunburns. Melanoma staging indicated that 20.4% of first melanomas were pTis (in situ); average Breslow thickness of 0.9 mm, decreasing in subsequent cases. Genetic testing identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 4.3% of patients, primarily involving CDKN2A. Patients averaged 110.3 nevi (density 61.1 nevi/m²) and 3.4 atypical nevi, primarily located on the back and lower limbs. Stratification by severity showed older patients were more likely to have multiple melanomas (p=0.0002), while familial melanoma was more common in those under 40 (54.3%). UV exposure increased with age; older patients used less sunscreen (p=0.0004) and more tanning beds (p<0.0001). Most patients identified their first suspicious lesion, while dermatologists detected subsequent melanomas, especially in those over 40. Younger patients had significantly more nevi (p<0.0001), and atypical nevi density varied by severity, being higher in high-severity patients. Median ages at diagnosis were 53 for multiple melanomas, 43 for familial, and 40 for multiple/familial (p=0.0001). Logistic regression identified age at first melanoma as an independent risk factor, increasing by 4% per year (p=0.003). Males had a higher risk than females (OR 2.90, p=0.004), with lesions on extremities and trunk indicating increased risk compared to head/neck. Discussion and Conclusions: The relatively low mean age at first melanoma diagnosis suggests that patients with familial or genetic predisposition tend to develop melanoma precociously. Men are at a higher risk for multiple melanomas, likely due to behavioral or biological factors. UV exposure is a significant risk factor, with many recalling childhood and adult sunburns, underscoring the importance of prevention campaigns and sun safety education. Early detection through self-examination or dermatologic evaluation is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment, reinforcing the need for regular checkups in those with familial or genetic histories. Atypical nevi may indicate greater melanoma severity, as patients often exhibit a higher burden of atypical nevi. This research emphasizes the need for vigilant screening and targeted surveillance for high-risk populations, alongside public health education on sun safety and tanning bed risks. The intricate interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and individual behaviors in melanoma progression highlights the necessity of incorporating new strategies, such as algorithms and artificial intelligence, into clinical practice to enhance early diagnosis and develop more personalized follow-up approaches. This lays the groundwork for future studies on melanoma recurrence and familial predisposition to improve clinical outcomes and inform public health initiatives for at-risk populations.

Background: Il melanoma è una neoplasia cutanea aggressiva con un’incidenza in aumento. Sebbene la maggior parte dei casi sia sporadica, il 5-10% è ereditario, in particolare tra i pazienti con melanomi multipli e familiari. Questo studio si propone di esplorare le caratteristiche epidemiologiche, cliniche, istologiche e genetiche di pazienti con melanomi multipli e familiari per identificare fattori di rischio utili a migliorare le strategie di gestione e sorveglianza. Materiali e Metodi: Tra il 2021 e il 2024, sono stati reclutati pazienti con melanomi multipli o familiari. I dati raccolti comprendevano informazioni demografiche, cliniche, fenotipiche, istologiche e genetiche. Le analisi statistiche, comprese la regressione logistica univariata e multivariata, hanno valutato le associazioni tra fattori clinici e il rischio di sviluppare melanomi multipli. Risultati: Tra 1.305 pazienti dell’ambulatorio melanoma, 333 (25,5%) avevano melanomi multipli o familiari, con un'età media di 48,5 anni (range 9-85) e il 54,9% di sesso femminile. Il melanoma familiare era presente nel 49,2%, il 31,8% aveva melanomi multipli e il 18,9% aveva entrambi. I fototipi di pelle Fitzpatrick I o II erano i più comuni (58,2%). Il 59,2% ha riferito frequenti scottature solari. Il 20,4% dei primi melanomi erano pTis (in situ), lo spessore di Breslow medio è di 0,9 mm, che diminuiva nei casi successivi. I test genetici hanno rivelato una positività del 4,3% per varianti patogenetiche o probabilmente patogenetiche, principalmente per varianti di CDKN2A. I pazienti presentavano in media 110,3 nevi (densità 61,1 nevi/m²) e 3,4 nevi atipici, principalmente localizzati su schiena e arti inferiori. La stratificazione per gravità ha mostrato che i pazienti più anziani avevano maggiori probabilità di avere melanomi multipli (p=0,0002), mentre il melanoma familiare era più comune sotto i 40 anni (54,3%). L’esposizione ai raggi UV aumentava con l’età; i pazienti più anziani usavano meno protezione solare (p=0,0004) e più lettini abbronzanti (p<0,0001). La maggior parte dei pazienti identificava la prima lesione sospetta, mentre i dermatologi rilevavano i melanomi successivi. I pazienti più giovani presentavano significativamente più nevi (p<0,0001) e la densità dei nevi atipici variava in base alla gravità, risultando più alta nei pazienti ad alta gravità. Le età mediane alla diagnosi erano 53 anni per i melanomi multipli, 43 anni per quelli familiari e 40 anni per quelli multipli/familiari (p=0,0001). La regressione logistica ha identificato l'età al primo melanoma come fattore di rischio indipendente, aumentando del 4% per anno (p=0,003). Gli uomini avevano un rischio maggiore rispetto alle donne (OR 2,90, p=0,004), con lesioni su estremità e tronco che indicavano un rischio maggiore rispetto a testa/collo. Discussione e Conclusioni: L'età media relativamente bassa alla diagnosi del primo melanoma suggerisce che i pazienti con predisposizione familiare o genetica tendono a sviluppare il melanoma precocemente. Gli uomini presentano un rischio maggiore per i melanomi multipli, probabilmente a causa di fattori comportamentali o biologici. L’esposizione ai raggi UV rappresenta un fattore di rischio significativo, con molti pazienti che ricordano scottature infantili e adulte, evidenziando l'importanza di campagne di prevenzione e educazione alla sicurezza solare. La rilevazione precoce di lesioni sospette attraverso autoesami o valutazioni dermatologiche è cruciale per una diagnosi e trattamento tempestivi, sottolineando la necessità di controlli regolari per chi ha storie familiari o genetiche. La complessa interazione tra predisposizione genetica, fattori ambientali e comportamenti individuali nella progressione del melanoma suggerisce la necessità di studiare e integrare nuove strategie nella pratica clinica (es. algoritmi e intelligenza artificiale) per migliorare la diagnosi precoce e il follow-up.

(2025). Epidemiological, Phenotypic, Histological, and Genetic Traits in Multiple and Familial Melanomas: a study of 333 cases. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).

Epidemiological, Phenotypic, Histological, and Genetic Traits in Multiple and Familial Melanomas: a study of 333 cases

CARUGNO, ANDREA
2025

Abstract

Background: Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with increasing global incidence. While most cases are sporadic, 5-10% are hereditary, particularly among patients with multiple primary melanomas and familiar melanoma. This study aims to explore the epidemiological, clinical, histological, and genetic characteristics of patients with multiple and familial melanomas to identify risk factors for improved management and surveillance strategies. Materials and Methods: Between 2021 and 2024, patients with multiple or familial melanomas were recruited. Data included demographic, clinical, phenotypic, histological, and genetic information, organized in a structured database. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate logistic regression, assessed associations between clinical factors and the risk of developing multiple melanomas. Results: Among 1,305 melanoma clinic patients, 333 (25.5%) had multiple or familial melanomas, with a mean age of 48.5 years (range 9-85) and 54.9% female. Familial melanoma was present in 49.2%, 31.8% had multiple melanomas, and 18.9% had both. Fitzpatrick skin types I or II were most common (58.2%). Notably, 59.2% reported frequent sunburns. Melanoma staging indicated that 20.4% of first melanomas were pTis (in situ); average Breslow thickness of 0.9 mm, decreasing in subsequent cases. Genetic testing identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 4.3% of patients, primarily involving CDKN2A. Patients averaged 110.3 nevi (density 61.1 nevi/m²) and 3.4 atypical nevi, primarily located on the back and lower limbs. Stratification by severity showed older patients were more likely to have multiple melanomas (p=0.0002), while familial melanoma was more common in those under 40 (54.3%). UV exposure increased with age; older patients used less sunscreen (p=0.0004) and more tanning beds (p<0.0001). Most patients identified their first suspicious lesion, while dermatologists detected subsequent melanomas, especially in those over 40. Younger patients had significantly more nevi (p<0.0001), and atypical nevi density varied by severity, being higher in high-severity patients. Median ages at diagnosis were 53 for multiple melanomas, 43 for familial, and 40 for multiple/familial (p=0.0001). Logistic regression identified age at first melanoma as an independent risk factor, increasing by 4% per year (p=0.003). Males had a higher risk than females (OR 2.90, p=0.004), with lesions on extremities and trunk indicating increased risk compared to head/neck. Discussion and Conclusions: The relatively low mean age at first melanoma diagnosis suggests that patients with familial or genetic predisposition tend to develop melanoma precociously. Men are at a higher risk for multiple melanomas, likely due to behavioral or biological factors. UV exposure is a significant risk factor, with many recalling childhood and adult sunburns, underscoring the importance of prevention campaigns and sun safety education. Early detection through self-examination or dermatologic evaluation is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment, reinforcing the need for regular checkups in those with familial or genetic histories. Atypical nevi may indicate greater melanoma severity, as patients often exhibit a higher burden of atypical nevi. This research emphasizes the need for vigilant screening and targeted surveillance for high-risk populations, alongside public health education on sun safety and tanning bed risks. The intricate interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and individual behaviors in melanoma progression highlights the necessity of incorporating new strategies, such as algorithms and artificial intelligence, into clinical practice to enhance early diagnosis and develop more personalized follow-up approaches. This lays the groundwork for future studies on melanoma recurrence and familial predisposition to improve clinical outcomes and inform public health initiatives for at-risk populations.
PAGNI, FABIO
ZERBINATI, NICOLA
Melanoma; Melanoma multiplo; Melanoma familiare; Genetica; Fattori di rischio
Melanoma; Multiple melanoma; Familiar melanoma; Genetics; Risk factors
MED/35 - MALATTIE CUTANEE E VENEREE
English
3-feb-2025
37
2023/2024
open
(2025). Epidemiological, Phenotypic, Histological, and Genetic Traits in Multiple and Familial Melanomas: a study of 333 cases. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
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Descrizione: Epidemiological, Phenotypic, Histological, and Genetic Traits in Multiple and Familial Melanomas: a study of 333 cases
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/541382
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