Nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) is a powerful and flexible high-throughput technique that allows for the simultaneous identification and quantification of thousands of proteins from a single sample analysis. This MS-based proteomics approach can address a wide range of biomedical challenges through in-depth analysis of various complex biological matrices and cell lines, representing an essential decision-support tool for clinicians. In this thesis, nLC-MS/MS untargeted workflows have been applied to different specimens (saliva, blood and cells) to explore multiple medical questions across virology, nephropathy and oncology. These studies provided new information crucial for the identification of molecular markers and functional signatures specific to each pathological condition, aiming to support patient stratification and improve therapeutic strategies. The first work focused on the development of a sample manipulation method compatible with MS for the safe handling of saliva and plasma from subjects infected by SARS-CoV-2. This approach was applied to detect key plasma proteins and biological networks able to distinguish between patients with different symptom severities. Functional annotation has indeed highlighted the existence of turning points in biological processes that could lead to the worsening of clinical manifestations. Moreover, three proteins, FETUA, VTNC and LAC2, emerged as able to separate patients based on the severity of the symptoms with no mismatch, independently from the possible confounding factors. Next, to increase our reproducibility and sensitivity without losing the advantages of an untargeted approach we moved towards the advanced DIA-PASEF (data-independent acquisition-parallel accumulation serial fragmentation) mass spectrometry method based on ion mobility. The goal of the study was to reveal the proteomic serum signatures specific to Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN) and not other nephrotic syndromes (similar presentation but different aetiology). MRC1 and BTD emerged as possible candidates able to discriminate IMN disease from other nephropathies. In addition, a possible role for FCN2 protein in activating the complement system was suggested, together with a confirmation of the critical role of Serpin protein family in the pathophysiology of this disease. In the last work, we focused on the effect of chemotherapy drugs in senescent cells. Therapy-induced senescence (TIS) is a common response to cancer treatments, which can both help fight cancer or, conversely, lead to tumour recurrence when senescent cells escape arrest. Understanding this process is crucial for developing strategies to eliminate senescent cancer cells and prevent therapy-induced tumour progression. The study aimed to identify potential biomarkers and functional signatures characteristic of a specific chemotherapy drug and cellular type. At first, the Doxorubicin effect on lung cancer cell lines and fibroblasts was investigated. By focusing on the proteins specifically upregulated in senescent tumoural cells (excluding non-tumoural confounding factors) we observed an enrichment in the interferon signalling and in the metabolism of lipids and phospholipids, suggesting an interesting role of the latter in cancer resistance to Doxorubicin treatment. Moreover, new molecular mechanisms were assumed for the interplay between autophagy and senescence. Further studies have been planned to validate putative TIS biomarkers in vitro and explore senescence induced by other chemotherapy drugs. To conclude, the application of optimised nLC-MS/MS techniques and workflows tailored to different research areas and objectives allowed us to achieve significant biological insights pointing out the pivotal role of mass spectrometry in the enhancement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, towards an effective personalised medicine.
La nano-cromatografia liquida accoppiata alla spettrometria di massa tandem (nLC-MS/MS) è una tecnica high-throughput potente e flessibile, che consente l'identificazione e la quantificazione simultanea di migliaia di proteine da una singola analisi. Questo approccio proteomico basato sulla spettrometria di massa (MS) permette di affrontare diversi quesiti biomedici attraverso l'analisi di matrici biologiche complesse e linee cellulari, fornendo un importante supporto decisionale per i clinici. In questa tesi, l’approccio nLC-MS/MS untargeted è stato applicato a campioni di saliva, sangue e cellule per esplorare quesiti medici nell’ambito della virologia, nefropatia e oncologia. Questi studi hanno fornito nuove informazioni essenziali per identificare marcatori molecolari e firme funzionali specifici per ciascuna condizione patologica, con l'obiettivo di migliorare la stratificazione dei pazienti e ottimizzare le strategie terapeutiche. Il primo studio si è focalizzato sullo sviluppo di un metodo sicuro e compatibile con MS di saliva/plasma di soggetti infettati da SARS-CoV-2. Questo approccio è stato utilizzato per identificare in plasma proteine e pathway molecolari chiave in grado di distinguere i pazienti in base alla gravità dei sintomi. L'annotazione funzionale ha infatti evidenziato l’esistenza di punti di svolta nei processi biologici che potrebbero portare allo sviluppo di un fenotipo più o meno grave. Inoltre, tre proteine, FETUA, VTNC e LAC2, si sono rivelate capaci di separare i pazienti in base alla gravità senza errori, indipendentemente dai possibili fattori confondenti. Successivamente, abbiamo esplorato la spettrometria di massa DIA-PASEF (data-independent acquisition-parallel accumulation serial fragmentation) basata sulla mobilità ionica per migliorare la riproducibilità e la sensibilità mantenendo i vantaggi di un approccio untargeted. L’obiettivo era quello di identificare firme proteiche specifiche per la Nefropatia Membranosa Idiopatica (IMN) rispetto ad altre sindromi nefrotiche (presentazione simile ma diversa eziologia) nel siero. Le proteine MRC1 e BTD sono emerse come possibili candidate per discriminare IMN da altre nefropatie. Inoltre, è stato suggerito il coinvolgimento della proteina FCN2 nell'attivazione del sistema del complemento e confermato il ruolo delle Serpine nella fisiopatologia della malattia. Nell'ultimo studio, ci siamo concentrati sull'effetto dei farmaci chemioterapici nelle cellule senescenti. La senescenza indotta dalla terapia (TIS) è una risposta comune ai trattamenti antitumorali, che può sia aiutare a combattere il cancro sia portare a recidive tumorali quando le cellule senescenti sfuggono all'arresto. Comprendere questo processo è cruciale per sviluppare strategie volte a eliminare le cellule tumorali senescenti e prevenire la progressione tumorale indotta da terapia. Lo studio mirava a identificare biomarcatori potenziali e firme funzionali legati a specifici farmaci chemioterapici e tipi cellulari. Abbiamo indagato l'effetto della Doxorubicina su linee cellulari di cancro ai polmoni e fibroblasti. Le proteine sovraespresse nelle cellule tumorali senescenti (escludendo i fattori confondenti non tumorali) hanno rivelato un arricchimento nei segnali dell'interferone e nel metabolismo di lipidi e fosfolipidi, suggerendo un ruolo interessante di questi ultimi nella resistenza alla Doxorubicina. Sono stati ipotizzati nuovi meccanismi molecolari coinvolti nell'interazione tra autofagia e senescenza. Studi futuri mirano a validare in vitro i potenziali biomarcatori della TIS e a esplorare la senescenza indotta da altri farmaci. In conclusione, l'applicazione di tecniche nLC-MS/MS ottimizzate e adattate a diverse aree di ricerca e obiettivi ci ha permesso di ottenere risultati biologici significativi, sottolineando il ruolo della spettrometria di massa nel miglioramento delle strategie di diagnosi e terapia, verso una medicina personalizzata efficace.
(2025). Tailored proteomic approaches based on nano-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to address biomedical challenging issues. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
Tailored proteomic approaches based on nano-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to address biomedical challenging issues
PAGANI, LISA
2025
Abstract
Nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) is a powerful and flexible high-throughput technique that allows for the simultaneous identification and quantification of thousands of proteins from a single sample analysis. This MS-based proteomics approach can address a wide range of biomedical challenges through in-depth analysis of various complex biological matrices and cell lines, representing an essential decision-support tool for clinicians. In this thesis, nLC-MS/MS untargeted workflows have been applied to different specimens (saliva, blood and cells) to explore multiple medical questions across virology, nephropathy and oncology. These studies provided new information crucial for the identification of molecular markers and functional signatures specific to each pathological condition, aiming to support patient stratification and improve therapeutic strategies. The first work focused on the development of a sample manipulation method compatible with MS for the safe handling of saliva and plasma from subjects infected by SARS-CoV-2. This approach was applied to detect key plasma proteins and biological networks able to distinguish between patients with different symptom severities. Functional annotation has indeed highlighted the existence of turning points in biological processes that could lead to the worsening of clinical manifestations. Moreover, three proteins, FETUA, VTNC and LAC2, emerged as able to separate patients based on the severity of the symptoms with no mismatch, independently from the possible confounding factors. Next, to increase our reproducibility and sensitivity without losing the advantages of an untargeted approach we moved towards the advanced DIA-PASEF (data-independent acquisition-parallel accumulation serial fragmentation) mass spectrometry method based on ion mobility. The goal of the study was to reveal the proteomic serum signatures specific to Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN) and not other nephrotic syndromes (similar presentation but different aetiology). MRC1 and BTD emerged as possible candidates able to discriminate IMN disease from other nephropathies. In addition, a possible role for FCN2 protein in activating the complement system was suggested, together with a confirmation of the critical role of Serpin protein family in the pathophysiology of this disease. In the last work, we focused on the effect of chemotherapy drugs in senescent cells. Therapy-induced senescence (TIS) is a common response to cancer treatments, which can both help fight cancer or, conversely, lead to tumour recurrence when senescent cells escape arrest. Understanding this process is crucial for developing strategies to eliminate senescent cancer cells and prevent therapy-induced tumour progression. The study aimed to identify potential biomarkers and functional signatures characteristic of a specific chemotherapy drug and cellular type. At first, the Doxorubicin effect on lung cancer cell lines and fibroblasts was investigated. By focusing on the proteins specifically upregulated in senescent tumoural cells (excluding non-tumoural confounding factors) we observed an enrichment in the interferon signalling and in the metabolism of lipids and phospholipids, suggesting an interesting role of the latter in cancer resistance to Doxorubicin treatment. Moreover, new molecular mechanisms were assumed for the interplay between autophagy and senescence. Further studies have been planned to validate putative TIS biomarkers in vitro and explore senescence induced by other chemotherapy drugs. To conclude, the application of optimised nLC-MS/MS techniques and workflows tailored to different research areas and objectives allowed us to achieve significant biological insights pointing out the pivotal role of mass spectrometry in the enhancement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, towards an effective personalised medicine.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_847377.pdf
embargo fino al 03/02/2028
Descrizione: TESI DAL TITOLO "Tailored proteomic approaches based on nano-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to address biomedical challenging issues"
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
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6.17 MB
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