Invasion by alien plants is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss, making it crucial to understand the mechanisms involved to implement effective management strategies. This thesis investigates the invasion ecology of Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae), an alien species originating from South Africa and accidentally introduced to Europe. Through a series of studies, it examines how eco-evolutionary history, context dependency, and plant-microbe interactions contribute to its success. The objective is to identify both the key factors regulating its success and to analyze its ecological impacts in different environmental contexts. Chapter 1 explored, through a growth chamber experiment, the influence of eco-evolutionary history and soil microbial communities on the competition between S. inaequidens and plant communities from its native or invasive range. Results showed the predominant role of the competitive community identity in influencing Senecio’s performance, with smaller individuals when grown in competition with native South African species. The soil biota did not affect the competitive interactions between S. inaequidens and the other native species. Chapter 2 examined how context influences the performance of S. inaequidens. The influence of both abiotic and biotic factors was investigated in high- and low-productivity habitats in northern Italy. I found evidence of biotic resistance from resident plant communities, driven by their diversity and cover. However, a negative relationship was also found between S. inaequidens performance and phylogenetic and functional distance from resident species, indicating better performance in the presence of more similar species. Biotic interactions were marginally influenced by the abiotic context (with greater biotic resistance in more nutrient-rich settings). These results reinforce the idea that Senecio is more susceptible to competition than to adverse abiotic conditions, making it an efficient colonizer rather than a strong competitor. Chapter 3 investigated the bacterial communities associated with the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root endosphere of S. inaequidens, using 16S rRNA gene analysis via Illumina sequencing. This analysis revealed significant differences in both bacterial diversity and composition across the investigated compartments. The root endosphere was found to be dominated by very distinct bacterial communities, and among the endophytes, a set of ASVs shared across all samples was identified, including some taxa with known plant growth-promoting properties. The composition of these communities was significantly correlated with the alien species' cover, height, and, to a lesser extent, flower production. Chapter 4 assessed the ecological impacts of S. inaequidens, combining field observations across different habitats in northern Italy with a global impact assessment using the IUCN’s EICAT framework. Results showed no significant changes in soil chemistry due to invasion. However, plant diversity increased significantly in invaded plots, especially in low-productivity habitats, suggesting a potential facilitative role of S. inaequidens in more challenging environments. According to the global EICAT assessment, S. inaequidens falls into the Moderate Impact (MO) category, indicating negative effects on some native taxa without causing local extinctions. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the general understanding of the invasion ecology of S. inaequidens, integrating multiple levels of biological organization and environmental contexts.
L'invasione di piante aliene è una delle principali cause di perdita di biodiversità, rendendo cruciale comprenderne i meccanismi per implementare efficaci strategie di gestione. Questa tesi indaga l'ecologia dell'invasione di Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae), specie alien originaria del Sudafrica e accidentalmente introdotta in Europa. Attraverso una serie di studi, è stato indagato come la storia eco-evolutiva, la dipendenza dal contesto e le interazioni pianta-microrganismi contribuiscano al suo successo. L’obiettivo è identificare sia i fattori chiave che ne regolano il successo sia analizzare i suoi impatti ecologici in diversi contesti ambientali. Il Capitolo 1 ha esplorato, tramite un esperimento in camera di crescita, l'influenza dell'esperienza eco-evolutiva e delle comunità microbiche del suolo sulla competizione tra S. inaequidens e comunità vegetali provenienti dal suo range nativo o invasivo. I risultati hanno evidenziato il ruolo predominante dell'identità della comunità competitiva nell'influenzare performance del Senecio, con individui più piccoli quando cresciuti in competizione con specie native del Sudafrica. Il biota del suolo non ha influenzato le interazioni competitive tra S. inaequidens e le altre specie native. Il Capitolo 2 ha esaminato come il contesto influenzi la performance di S. inaequidens. È stata indagata l'influenza di fattori sia abiotici che biotici in habitat ad alta e bassa produttività nel Nord Italia. Sono state trovate prove di resistenza biotica da parte delle comunità vegetali residenti, causata dalla loro diversità e copertura. Tuttavia, è stata anche trovata una relazione negativa tra la performance di S. inaequidens e la distanza (sia filogenetica che funzionale) con le specie residenti, indicando una migliore performance in presenza di specie più simili. Le interazioni biotiche sono risultate essere marginalmente influenzate dal contesto abiotico (maggiore resistenza biotica in contesti più ricchi di nutrienti). Questi risultati rafforzano l'idea che il Senecio sia più suscettibile alla competizione che a condizioni abiotiche avverse, rendendola una specie colonizzatrice efficace. Il Capitolo 3 ha indagato le comunità batteriche associate al bulk soil, alla rizosfera e all'endosfera radicale di S. inaequidens, utilizzando l'analisi del gene 16S rRNA tramite sequenziamento Illumina. I risultati di questa indagine hanno rivelato differenze significative sia nella diversità che nella composizione batterica tra i comparti indagati. L’endosfera radicale è risultata essere dominata da comunità batteriche molto distinte, e tra gli endofiti, abbiamo identificato una serie di ASVs condivise tra tutti i campioni che includevano alcuni taxa con ben note proprietà di promozione della crescita delle piante. La composizione di queste comunità è risultata significativamente correlata con la copertura, l'altezza e, in misura minore, la produzione fiorale della specie aliena. Il Capitolo 4 ha valutato gli impatti ecologici di S. inaequidens, combinando osservazioni sul campo in diversi habitat in Nord Italia con una valutazione globale dell'impatto utilizzando il framework EICAT. I risultati non hanno mostrato cambiamenti significativi nella chimica del suolo a seguito dell'invasione. Tuttavia, la diversità vegetale è aumentata significativamente nei plot invasi, specialmente negli habitat a bassa produttività, suggerendo un potenziale ruolo facilitativo di S. inaequidens in ambienti più difficili. Secondo la valutazione globale EICAT, S. inaequidens rientra nella categoria di impatto Moderato (MO), indicando la presenza effetti negativi associati alla specie su alcuni taxa nativi senza causare estinzioni locali. In conclusione, questa tesi contribuisce alla comprensione generale dell'ecologia dell'invasione di S. inaequidens, integrando molteplici livelli di organizzazione biologica e contesti ambientali.
(2025). THE ROLE OF BIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THE INVASION PROCESS OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
THE ROLE OF BIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THE INVASION PROCESS OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS
QUAGLINI, LARA ASSUNTA
2025
Abstract
Invasion by alien plants is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss, making it crucial to understand the mechanisms involved to implement effective management strategies. This thesis investigates the invasion ecology of Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae), an alien species originating from South Africa and accidentally introduced to Europe. Through a series of studies, it examines how eco-evolutionary history, context dependency, and plant-microbe interactions contribute to its success. The objective is to identify both the key factors regulating its success and to analyze its ecological impacts in different environmental contexts. Chapter 1 explored, through a growth chamber experiment, the influence of eco-evolutionary history and soil microbial communities on the competition between S. inaequidens and plant communities from its native or invasive range. Results showed the predominant role of the competitive community identity in influencing Senecio’s performance, with smaller individuals when grown in competition with native South African species. The soil biota did not affect the competitive interactions between S. inaequidens and the other native species. Chapter 2 examined how context influences the performance of S. inaequidens. The influence of both abiotic and biotic factors was investigated in high- and low-productivity habitats in northern Italy. I found evidence of biotic resistance from resident plant communities, driven by their diversity and cover. However, a negative relationship was also found between S. inaequidens performance and phylogenetic and functional distance from resident species, indicating better performance in the presence of more similar species. Biotic interactions were marginally influenced by the abiotic context (with greater biotic resistance in more nutrient-rich settings). These results reinforce the idea that Senecio is more susceptible to competition than to adverse abiotic conditions, making it an efficient colonizer rather than a strong competitor. Chapter 3 investigated the bacterial communities associated with the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and root endosphere of S. inaequidens, using 16S rRNA gene analysis via Illumina sequencing. This analysis revealed significant differences in both bacterial diversity and composition across the investigated compartments. The root endosphere was found to be dominated by very distinct bacterial communities, and among the endophytes, a set of ASVs shared across all samples was identified, including some taxa with known plant growth-promoting properties. The composition of these communities was significantly correlated with the alien species' cover, height, and, to a lesser extent, flower production. Chapter 4 assessed the ecological impacts of S. inaequidens, combining field observations across different habitats in northern Italy with a global impact assessment using the IUCN’s EICAT framework. Results showed no significant changes in soil chemistry due to invasion. However, plant diversity increased significantly in invaded plots, especially in low-productivity habitats, suggesting a potential facilitative role of S. inaequidens in more challenging environments. According to the global EICAT assessment, S. inaequidens falls into the Moderate Impact (MO) category, indicating negative effects on some native taxa without causing local extinctions. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the general understanding of the invasion ecology of S. inaequidens, integrating multiple levels of biological organization and environmental contexts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: THE ROLE OF BIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THE INVASION PROCESS OF INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS
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