When discussing plural sets of entities, language can clarify whether a property applies to individual members or the group as a whole using markers like “each” or “together”. Yet, speakers often omit these markers, leaving sentences ambiguous. For instance, “the girls carry a ladder” can be interpreted either collectively (one ladder carried together) or distributively (each girl carries her own ladder). Current theories propose that distributive interpretations are more complex due to the involvement of an additional semantic operator (the D operator). Experimental evidence has supported these claims, revealing that adults typically interpret ambiguous sentences as having a collective meaning by default. However, developmental studies have shown that children exhibit different preferences, accepting both interpretations and even favouring distributive readings at times, casting doubts on their presumed greater complexity. The current thesis investigates how Italian-speaking preschoolers, second-grade children, and adults produce and interpret these ambiguities. We conducted three experimental studies focusing on the influence of linguistic and cognitive factors in producing distributive and collective markers. We hypothesise that examining the linguistic expressions employed in verbal descriptions can provide insights into the speakers’ conceptual representations, shedding light on the mechanisms at play when processing this ambiguity. In the first study, we found that adults produced more distributive than collective markers. These results mirrored their comprehension preferences in previous studies: they tend to attribute a collective interpretation to ambiguous sentences in comprehension, and similarly, they consider ambiguous sentences sufficient to convey a collective meaning in production, but they add linguistic markers to specify the distributive meaning. Conversely, preschoolers did not produce many linguistic markers, suggesting that they have not yet fully developed the ability to distinguish these interpretations at this age. In the second study, we examined second-grade children who produced more linguistic markers than preschoolers, suggesting they have overcome some of the pragmatic and lexical limitations that younger children still face. Similarly to adults, they expressed more distributive marking, hinting at the presence of a D operator in their underlying conceptual representation. Furthermore, in a comprehension task, the two groups of children and adults preferred the collective interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting that the collective meaning is more accessible than the distributive one. Finally, in the third study, we investigated what cognitive abilities may be crucial in comprehending semantic ambiguity and producing informative linguistic markers. We found that the capacity to recognise another type of ambiguity – namely, the double interpretation of visually ambiguous figures – and the pragmatic ability to shift between different perspectives predict the production of distributive and collective markers. Hence, these studies demonstrated that, even though children comprehend distributive and collective expressions similarly to adults already at the age of 5, they must acquire and integrate various facets of linguistic and cognitive development to produce disambiguating markers efficiently.

Quando si parla di insiemi plurali di individui, la lingua può chiarire se una proprietà si applica ai singoli membri o al gruppo nel suo complesso, usando marcatori come “ciascuno” o “insieme”. Tuttavia, i parlanti spesso omettono questi marcatori, lasciando le frasi ambigue. Ad esempio, “le ragazze portano una scala” può essere interpretata collettivamente (una scala portata insieme) o distributivamente (ciascuna ragazza porta la propria scala). Le teorie attuali propongono che le interpretazioni distributive siano più complesse a causa del coinvolgimento di un operatore semantico aggiuntivo (l’operatore D). Alcuni studi sperimentali supportano queste affermazioni, dato che gli adulti interpretano tipicamente frasi ambigue come aventi un significato collettivo di default. Tuttavia, altri studi che si sono concentrati sui bambini mostrano che questi presentano preferenze diverse, accettando entrambe le interpretazioni e favorendo talvolta la lettura distributiva, mettendo in discussione la sua presunta maggiore complessità. La presente tesi indaga come bambini italiani in età prescolare, bambini di seconda elementare e adulti producono e interpretano questa ambiguità. Abbiamo condotto tre studi sperimentali focalizzati sull’influenza dei fattori linguistici e cognitivi nella produzione di marcatori distributivi e collettivi. Ipotizziamo che esaminare le espressioni linguistiche impiegate nelle descrizioni verbali possa fornire informazioni sulle rappresentazioni concettuali dei parlanti, facendo luce sui meccanismi in gioco nel contesto di questa ambiguità. Nel primo studio, abbiamo riscontrato che gli adulti hanno prodotto più marcatori distributivi rispetto a quelli collettivi. Questi risultati rispecchiano le loro preferenze in studi precedenti sulla comprensione: in comprensione, tendono ad attribuire un’interpretazione collettiva alle frasi ambigue e, in modo simile, in produzione considerano le frasi ambigue sufficienti per trasmettere un significato collettivo, ma aggiungono marcatori linguistici per specificare il significato distributivo. Al contrario, i bambini di età prescolare non hanno prodotto molti marcatori linguistici, suggerendo che a questa età non abbiano ancora sviluppato pienamente la capacità di distinguere queste interpretazioni. Nel secondo studio, abbiamo potuto osservare che i bambini di seconda elementare hanno prodotto più marcatori linguistici rispetto ai bambini in età prescolare, suggerendo che abbiano superato alcune delle limitazioni pragmatiche e lessicali che i più piccoli ancora affrontano. In modo simile agli adulti, hanno espresso una marcatura più distributiva, suggerendo la presenza di un operatore D nella rappresentazione concettuale sottostante. Inoltre, in un compito di comprensione, i due gruppi di bambini e gli adulti hanno preferito l’interpretazione collettiva delle frasi ambigue, suggerendo che il significato collettivo sia più accessibile rispetto a quello distributivo. Infine, nel terzo studio, abbiamo investigato quali abilità cognitive possano essere cruciali per comprendere l’ambiguità semantica e produrre marcatori linguistici informativi. Abbiamo scoperto che la capacità di riconoscere un altro tipo di ambiguità, i.e., la doppia interpretazione di figure visivamente ambigue, e l’abilità pragmatica di cambiare prospettiva predicono la produzione di marcatori distributivi e collettivi. Questi studi hanno quindi dimostrato che, sebbene i bambini comprendano espressioni distributive e collettive in modo simile agli adulti già all’età di 5 anni, devono acquisire e integrare varie componenti dello sviluppo linguistico e cognitivo per produrre marcatori disambiguanti in modo efficiente.

(2025). Ambiguous paths to meaning: An experimental investigation of distributivity across language acquisition and cognitive development. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).

Ambiguous paths to meaning: An experimental investigation of distributivity across language acquisition and cognitive development

SAPONARO, CHIARA
2025

Abstract

When discussing plural sets of entities, language can clarify whether a property applies to individual members or the group as a whole using markers like “each” or “together”. Yet, speakers often omit these markers, leaving sentences ambiguous. For instance, “the girls carry a ladder” can be interpreted either collectively (one ladder carried together) or distributively (each girl carries her own ladder). Current theories propose that distributive interpretations are more complex due to the involvement of an additional semantic operator (the D operator). Experimental evidence has supported these claims, revealing that adults typically interpret ambiguous sentences as having a collective meaning by default. However, developmental studies have shown that children exhibit different preferences, accepting both interpretations and even favouring distributive readings at times, casting doubts on their presumed greater complexity. The current thesis investigates how Italian-speaking preschoolers, second-grade children, and adults produce and interpret these ambiguities. We conducted three experimental studies focusing on the influence of linguistic and cognitive factors in producing distributive and collective markers. We hypothesise that examining the linguistic expressions employed in verbal descriptions can provide insights into the speakers’ conceptual representations, shedding light on the mechanisms at play when processing this ambiguity. In the first study, we found that adults produced more distributive than collective markers. These results mirrored their comprehension preferences in previous studies: they tend to attribute a collective interpretation to ambiguous sentences in comprehension, and similarly, they consider ambiguous sentences sufficient to convey a collective meaning in production, but they add linguistic markers to specify the distributive meaning. Conversely, preschoolers did not produce many linguistic markers, suggesting that they have not yet fully developed the ability to distinguish these interpretations at this age. In the second study, we examined second-grade children who produced more linguistic markers than preschoolers, suggesting they have overcome some of the pragmatic and lexical limitations that younger children still face. Similarly to adults, they expressed more distributive marking, hinting at the presence of a D operator in their underlying conceptual representation. Furthermore, in a comprehension task, the two groups of children and adults preferred the collective interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting that the collective meaning is more accessible than the distributive one. Finally, in the third study, we investigated what cognitive abilities may be crucial in comprehending semantic ambiguity and producing informative linguistic markers. We found that the capacity to recognise another type of ambiguity – namely, the double interpretation of visually ambiguous figures – and the pragmatic ability to shift between different perspectives predict the production of distributive and collective markers. Hence, these studies demonstrated that, even though children comprehend distributive and collective expressions similarly to adults already at the age of 5, they must acquire and integrate various facets of linguistic and cognitive development to produce disambiguating markers efficiently.
GUASTI, MARIA TERESA
ambiguità; distributività; linguaggio; acquisizione; produzione
ambiguity; distributivity; language; acquisition; production
L-LIN/01 - GLOTTOLOGIA E LINGUISTICA
English
11-feb-2025
37
2023/2024
embargoed_20280211
(2025). Ambiguous paths to meaning: An experimental investigation of distributivity across language acquisition and cognitive development. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
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Descrizione: Ambiguous paths to meaning: An experimental investigation of distributivity across language acquisition and cognitive development
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/540961
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