The complex interconnections between environmental and human microbiomes are increasingly recognized as essential to human health, particularly as we now spend most of our lives in built, non-natural environments. Among these, hospitals represent a unique and critical built environment. Despite the profound impact of hospital settings on human health - where antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose two critical global health challenges - our understanding of the microbiome dynamics within hospitals remains alarmingly limited. This knowledge gap poses a barrier to effective interventions and highlights the urgent needs for comprehensive research that provide scientifically robust and generalizable evidence on microbial reservoirs and transmission pathways in clinical settings. This PhD project focused on the dynamics between human skin - the human primary barrier and interface with the environment - and built environment microbiomes, emphasizing their mutual influence as vital to addressing the pressing worldwide health crisis. A data-driven approach, utilizing publicly available datasets, was employed to grasp the complexities of microbiomes and unlock the full potential of existing data. However, significant technical challenges emerged due to inconsistent metadata standards and obstacles in efficient data and metadata retrieval. Addressing these issues was crucial to achieving the biological goals of the research. The project’s first phase focused on the development of MADAME, a bioinformatic tool designed to streamline the data and metadata retrieval process while addressing the complexities of metadata standardization. Through the use of MADAME alongside other tools, the SKIOME collection, a curated metadata collection of amplicon-based and shotgun sequencing projects related to the human skin microbiome, was developed. The DATA HUNTERS workshop was organized to ensure a high-quality metadata manual curation, bridging education, and training in bioinformatics and metagenomics. In parallel, a comprehensive meta-analysis of hospital microbiome data retrieved via MADAME was performed to comprehensively map the microbiome landscape within clinical environments. Ultimately, the project delved into microbial strain transmission among mothers and twin pairs. This methodology will be applied in upcoming studies to track horizontal transmission among patients and surfaces within hospital settings. In conclusion, while this PhD project has reached its formal completion, it marks the beginning of an ongoing effort to explore microbial transmission in hospital settings. The tools and resources developed - such as MADAME, the SKIOME collection, and the educational initiative - along with the analyses conducted, including the hospital microbiome meta-analysis and strain transmission analysis, provide a solid foundation for future research. This research aligns with the FAIR principles, the One Health approach, and the World Health Organization’s objectives to combat AMR and improve public health outcomes.

Le complesse interazioni tra il microbioma ambientale e umano sono ormai riconosciute come essenziali per la salute umana, specialmente considerando che al giorno d’oggi trascorriamo la maggior parte del nostro tempo in ambienti costruiti, non naturali. Tra questi, gli ospedali rappresentano un ambiente costruito unico e di importanza critica. Nonostante l’impatto significativo degli ambienti ospedalieri sulla salute umana - dove la resistenza antimicrobica (AMR) e le infezioni nosocomiali (HAI) costituiscono due gravi sfide globali - la nostra comprensione delle dinamiche del microbioma all’interno degli ospedali rimane limitata. Questa lacuna rappresenta un ostacolo per interventi efficaci e sottolinea l’urgente necessità di ricerche che forniscano evidenze scientifiche solide e generalizzabili sulle fonti microbiche e sulla loro trasmissione in contesti clinici. Questo progetto di Dottorato si è concentrato sulle dinamiche tra il microbioma della pelle umana - la principale barriera e interfaccia dell’uomo con l’ambiente - e il microbioma degli ambienti costruiti, evidenziandone l’influenza reciproca come aspetto fondamentale per affrontare l’attuale crisi sanitaria globale. È stato adottato un approccio data-driven, utilizzando dataset pubblici per comprendere le complessità dei microbiomi e valorizzare appieno il potenziale dei dati esistenti. Tuttavia, sono emerse significative sfide tecniche a causa della mancanza di standardizzazione dei metadati e delle difficoltà nel recupero di dati e metadati. Affrontare questi problemi è stato cruciale per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi biologici della ricerca. La prima fase del progetto ha riguardato lo sviluppo di MADAME, uno strumento bioinformatico progettato per ottimizzare il processo di download di dati e metadati e affrontare le complessità della standardizzazione dei metadati. Attraverso l'uso di MADAME insieme ad altri strumenti, è stata sviluppata la collezione SKIOME, una raccolta di metadati curati relativa a progetti di sequenziamento amplicon-based e shotgun relativi al microbioma della pelle umana. Il workshop DATA HUNTERS è stato organizzato per assicurare una cura manuale di alta qualità dei metadati, promuovendo formazione e istruzione nelle discipline di bioinformatica e metagenomica. Parallelamente, è stata condotta una meta-analisi approfondita sui dati del microbioma ospedaliero recuperati tramite MADAME, allo scopo di mappare in modo completo il panorama microbiomico negli ambienti clinici. Infine, il progetto ha esaminato la trasmissione di strain microbici tra madri e coppie di gemelli, metodologia che sarà applicata in studi futuri per monitorare la trasmissione orizzontale tra pazienti e superfici in contesti ospedalieri. In conclusione, questo progetto di Dottorato rappresenta l’inizio di un impegno continuativo nell’esplorazione della trasmissione microbica negli ambienti ospedalieri. Gli strumenti e le risorse sviluppati, come MADAME, la collezione SKIOME e l’iniziativa educativa, insieme alle analisi condotte, inclusa la meta-analisi del microbioma ospedaliero e l’analisi della trasmissione degli strain, costituiscono una solida base per ricerche future. Questo lavoro è allineato con i principi FAIR, l’approccio One Health e gli obiettivi dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità per combattere l’AMR e migliorare la salute pubblica.

(2025). Assessing microbiome dynamics in hospitals and human skin: a data-driven approach. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).

Assessing microbiome dynamics in hospitals and human skin: a data-driven approach

FUMAGALLI, SARA
2025

Abstract

The complex interconnections between environmental and human microbiomes are increasingly recognized as essential to human health, particularly as we now spend most of our lives in built, non-natural environments. Among these, hospitals represent a unique and critical built environment. Despite the profound impact of hospital settings on human health - where antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose two critical global health challenges - our understanding of the microbiome dynamics within hospitals remains alarmingly limited. This knowledge gap poses a barrier to effective interventions and highlights the urgent needs for comprehensive research that provide scientifically robust and generalizable evidence on microbial reservoirs and transmission pathways in clinical settings. This PhD project focused on the dynamics between human skin - the human primary barrier and interface with the environment - and built environment microbiomes, emphasizing their mutual influence as vital to addressing the pressing worldwide health crisis. A data-driven approach, utilizing publicly available datasets, was employed to grasp the complexities of microbiomes and unlock the full potential of existing data. However, significant technical challenges emerged due to inconsistent metadata standards and obstacles in efficient data and metadata retrieval. Addressing these issues was crucial to achieving the biological goals of the research. The project’s first phase focused on the development of MADAME, a bioinformatic tool designed to streamline the data and metadata retrieval process while addressing the complexities of metadata standardization. Through the use of MADAME alongside other tools, the SKIOME collection, a curated metadata collection of amplicon-based and shotgun sequencing projects related to the human skin microbiome, was developed. The DATA HUNTERS workshop was organized to ensure a high-quality metadata manual curation, bridging education, and training in bioinformatics and metagenomics. In parallel, a comprehensive meta-analysis of hospital microbiome data retrieved via MADAME was performed to comprehensively map the microbiome landscape within clinical environments. Ultimately, the project delved into microbial strain transmission among mothers and twin pairs. This methodology will be applied in upcoming studies to track horizontal transmission among patients and surfaces within hospital settings. In conclusion, while this PhD project has reached its formal completion, it marks the beginning of an ongoing effort to explore microbial transmission in hospital settings. The tools and resources developed - such as MADAME, the SKIOME collection, and the educational initiative - along with the analyses conducted, including the hospital microbiome meta-analysis and strain transmission analysis, provide a solid foundation for future research. This research aligns with the FAIR principles, the One Health approach, and the World Health Organization’s objectives to combat AMR and improve public health outcomes.
CASIRAGHI, MAURIZIO
Microbioma ospedale; Microbioma umano; Approccio sui dati; Metadati; Trasmissione strain
Hospital microbiome; Human microbiome; Data-driven approach; Metadata; Strain transmission
Settore BIOS-15/A - Microbiologia
English
27-gen-2025
37
2023/2024
embargoed_20260127
(2025). Assessing microbiome dynamics in hospitals and human skin: a data-driven approach. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/540562
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