AML is a haematological malignancy characterized by elevated mortality rate, due to frequent chemoresistance and relapse, primarily driven by the persistence of LSCs within the BM niche. Currently, there is an unmet clinical need for an effective long-lasting treatment for AML, and CAR-T immunotherapy could be an innovative solution. However, the application of this treatment for AML is particularly challenging due to the high blasts’ heterogeneity, the lack of tumor-specific antigens, the presence of an extremely immunosuppressive TME and the on-target off-tumor toxicity. These limitations have pushed research towards the identification of more specific AML LSCs targets and the development of Next generation CAR molecules, such as Bi-specific CARs. In previous research, we investigated strategies to interfere with the immunosuppressive TME, which is involved in the maintenance and support of LSCs, to improve the efficacy of AML CAR-T cells therapy. We developed a Tandem CAR molecule, characterized by a dual specificity for AML blasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), selecting CD33 (one of the main consolidated AML targets) and CD146, as target antigens, respectively. In vitro functional evaluation of Tandem CD33/CD146.CAR-CIK cells was successful when CD146 was expressed by an endothelial cell line. However, we observed a significant reduction in efficacy when Tandem CD33/CD146.CAR-CIK cells were challenged with MSCs, suggesting that targeting these cells could enhance TME-mediated resistance mechanisms, likely due to the release of immunosuppressive factors following MSC killing. To further enhance the specificity of CAR-CIK cells for AML LSCs and mitigate immunosuppression, we selected TIM-3 as target antigen. TIM-3 and its ligand (Gal9) are overexpressed on LSCs, generating an autocrine loop that induces stemness, self-renewal and proliferation. Moreover, elevated levels of secreted Gal9 contribute to the suppression of patient’s immune response and the development of an immunosuppressive TME. Therefore, the aim of this project was to design two Next generation Dual CAR molecules, characterized by a double specificity for TIM-3 and CD33, to address AML heterogeneity and eradicate LSCs, while reducing the on-target off-tumor toxicity. We had previously developed single targeting TIM3.CAR-CIK cells, assessing CAR expression and validating their efficacy, specificity and safety in vitro and in vivo. Afterwards, two different configurations of Dual CD33/TIM-3 CARs were designed exploiting the IF-BETTER gate strategy, coupling a second-generation CAR with a CCR. CIK cells were engineered for the CAR expression via the non-viral SB transposon system, and the functionality and safety of both Dual CAR-CIK cell configurations were assessed in vitro. We have demonstrated the leveraging action of CCR molecule in boosting antileukemic activity and the peculiar safety profile of TIM3.CAR and Dual CAR-CIK cells, based on the differential recognition of AML versus healthy TIM-3+ cells.

La leucemia mieloide acuta (LMA) è una neoplasia ematologica caratterizzata da un elevato tasso di mortalità, dovuto all’elevata frequenza di chemioresistenza e recidiva, principalmente causate dalla persistenza delle cellule staminali leucemiche (LSC) all'interno della nicchia midollare. Attualmente, esiste un bisogno clinico insoddisfatto per un trattamento efficace e duraturo per la LMA, e la terapia con cellule CAR-T potrebbe rappresentare una soluzione innovativa. Tuttavia, l'applicazione di questo trattamento per la LMA è particolarmente complessa a causa dell'elevata eterogeneità delle cellule blastiche, della mancanza di antigeni tumorali specifici, della presenza di un microambiente tumorale (TME) estremamente immunosoppressivo e della tossicità verso cellule sane presentanti l’antigene target. Queste limitazioni hanno spinto la ricerca verso l'identificazione di antigeni espressi in modo esclusivo dalle LSC e lo sviluppo di molecole CAR di nuova generazione, come i Dual CAR. In precedenza, al fine di migliorare l'efficacia della terapia con cellule CAR-T nella LMA, abbiamo sviluppato una strategia per interferire con il TME immunosoppressivo, coinvolto nel mantenimento e supporto delle LSC. Abbiamo progettato una molecola Tandem CAR, caratterizzata da una doppia specificità per CD33, espresso dal 90% dei blasti, e CD146, presente su una sottopopolazione di cellule mesenchimali stromali (MSC) che supporta la progressione della LMA. L’analisi funzionale in vitro ha mostrato risultati positivi in seguito all’interazione delle cellule Tandem CD33/CD146.CAR-CIK con cellule endoteliali sane esprimenti CD146, risultando nella loro eliminazione. Tuttavia, abbiamo osservato una significativa riduzione dell’attivazione e funzionalità delle cellule Tandem CD33/CD146.CAR-CIK verso le MSC, suggerendo che il loro targeting ed eventuale eradicazione potrebbero portare al rilascio di fattori immunosoppressivi, contribuendo ai meccanismi di resistenza mediati dal TME. Per aumentare la specificità di targeting delle CAR-CIK verso le LSC e allo stesso tempo ridurre l'immunosoppressione presente nella nicchia, abbiamo selezionato TIM-3 come antigene target. La maggiore espressione di TIM-3 e del suo ligando (Gal9) nelle LSC, rispetto alle cellule immunitarie mature, genera un loop autocrino che ne supporta la staminalità, l’auto-rinnovamento e la proliferazione. Inoltre, livelli elevati di Gal9 secreta contribuiscono alla soppressione della risposta immunitaria del paziente e allo sviluppo di un TME immunosoppressivo. Pertanto, l'obiettivo di questo lavoro è sviluppare due molecole Dual CAR di nuova generazione, caratterizzate da una doppia specificità per TIM-3 e CD33, per far fronte all'eterogeneità della LMA ed eradicare le LSC, riducendo al contempo la tossicità sui tessuti sani. Il nostro gruppo ha precedentemente prodotto cellule TIM3.CAR-CIK, valutando l'espressione del CAR e validandone l'efficacia, specificità e sicurezza in vitro e in vivo. Successivamente, abbiamo sviluppato due diverse configurazioni di Dual CAR CD33/TIM-3 sfruttando la strategia “IF-BETTER gate” e accoppiando un CAR di seconda generazione con un CCR. Le cellule CIK sono state ingegnerizzate per l'espressione del CAR attraverso una piattaforma non virale basata sull’utilizzo di trasposoni (Sleeping Beauty), e la loro funzionalità e sicurezza sono state valutate in vitro. Durante l’analisi abbiamo dimostrato il contributo della molecola CCR nel potenziamento dell'attività antileucemica delle Dual CAR-CIK. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato un peculiare profilo di sicurezza delle cellule TIM3.CAR e Dual CAR-CIK, basato sul riconoscimento differenziale di una isoforma glicosilata di TIM-3 caratteristica delle cellule LMA e non presente sulle cellule sane TIM-3+.

(2025). Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) immunotherapy: development of next generation CARs to boost the selective targeting of Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) in the bone marrow niche. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) immunotherapy: development of next generation CARs to boost the selective targeting of Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) in the bone marrow niche

ARSUFFI, CORINNE
2025

Abstract

AML is a haematological malignancy characterized by elevated mortality rate, due to frequent chemoresistance and relapse, primarily driven by the persistence of LSCs within the BM niche. Currently, there is an unmet clinical need for an effective long-lasting treatment for AML, and CAR-T immunotherapy could be an innovative solution. However, the application of this treatment for AML is particularly challenging due to the high blasts’ heterogeneity, the lack of tumor-specific antigens, the presence of an extremely immunosuppressive TME and the on-target off-tumor toxicity. These limitations have pushed research towards the identification of more specific AML LSCs targets and the development of Next generation CAR molecules, such as Bi-specific CARs. In previous research, we investigated strategies to interfere with the immunosuppressive TME, which is involved in the maintenance and support of LSCs, to improve the efficacy of AML CAR-T cells therapy. We developed a Tandem CAR molecule, characterized by a dual specificity for AML blasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), selecting CD33 (one of the main consolidated AML targets) and CD146, as target antigens, respectively. In vitro functional evaluation of Tandem CD33/CD146.CAR-CIK cells was successful when CD146 was expressed by an endothelial cell line. However, we observed a significant reduction in efficacy when Tandem CD33/CD146.CAR-CIK cells were challenged with MSCs, suggesting that targeting these cells could enhance TME-mediated resistance mechanisms, likely due to the release of immunosuppressive factors following MSC killing. To further enhance the specificity of CAR-CIK cells for AML LSCs and mitigate immunosuppression, we selected TIM-3 as target antigen. TIM-3 and its ligand (Gal9) are overexpressed on LSCs, generating an autocrine loop that induces stemness, self-renewal and proliferation. Moreover, elevated levels of secreted Gal9 contribute to the suppression of patient’s immune response and the development of an immunosuppressive TME. Therefore, the aim of this project was to design two Next generation Dual CAR molecules, characterized by a double specificity for TIM-3 and CD33, to address AML heterogeneity and eradicate LSCs, while reducing the on-target off-tumor toxicity. We had previously developed single targeting TIM3.CAR-CIK cells, assessing CAR expression and validating their efficacy, specificity and safety in vitro and in vivo. Afterwards, two different configurations of Dual CD33/TIM-3 CARs were designed exploiting the IF-BETTER gate strategy, coupling a second-generation CAR with a CCR. CIK cells were engineered for the CAR expression via the non-viral SB transposon system, and the functionality and safety of both Dual CAR-CIK cell configurations were assessed in vitro. We have demonstrated the leveraging action of CCR molecule in boosting antileukemic activity and the peculiar safety profile of TIM3.CAR and Dual CAR-CIK cells, based on the differential recognition of AML versus healthy TIM-3+ cells.
SERAFINI, MARTA
TETTAMANTI, SARAH
LMA; Immunoterapia CAR; Glicosilazione; Sistema IF-BETTER; TIM-3
AML; CAR-T immunotherapy; Glycosylation; IF-BETTER strategy; TIM-3
MED/38 - PEDIATRIA GENERALE E SPECIALISTICA
English
20-gen-2025
37
2023/2024
embargoed_20280120
(2025). Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) immunotherapy: development of next generation CARs to boost the selective targeting of Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) in the bone marrow niche. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2025).
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Descrizione: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) immunotherapy: development of next generation CARs to boost the selective targeting of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in the bone marrow niche
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/535223
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