Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), comprising 25% of childhood tumors, is the most prevalent cancer in children. Among BCP-ALL cases, the t(12:21)(p13;q22) chromosomal translocation is highly recurrent, occurring in approximately 2-5% of healthy newborns. This fusion gene occurs in utero and leads to the formation of the aberrant transcription factor ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R). E::R expression fails to cause leukemia indicating that E::R alone is insufficient to induce the disease. Indeed, its expression leads to the formation of a clinically silent pre-leukemic progenitor which can persist in the organism for many years before to complete the malignant transformation following additional mutations. Notably, only 1% of newborns harboring E::R progress to leukemia. Despite the good prognosis associated with E::R+ patients, 20% of them relapse even after a lot of years of latency. It has been demonstrated that the relapses can be due to the persistence of a chemoresistant pre-leukemic clone, which undergoes further mutations during its development. For these reasons, our research focused on obtaining a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms supporting the pre-leukemic phase and identifying new therapeutic targets specific for these cells. Comprehending these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventive strategies aimed at eliminating E::R+ pre-leukemic cells from the body, thereby impeding the onset of the disease and minimizing the risk of relapses. We previously established that the expression of E::R in the BaF3 cells results in the slowdown of cell cycle progression, which is a key feature of senescence response, a common event in the pre-tumoral phase of tumor development. Moreover, in a previous report, we also detected the increased phospho-histone H2AX level and CXCR2 expression, which are also important markers of the senescence phenotype. Thus, we next explored the ability of E::R to induce an oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) response, utilizing the oncogene inducible in vitro E::R-expressing BaF3 cells. We demonstrated that E::R expression causes the induction of other different markers of senescence in the BaF3 cell line, such as an altered morphology, an increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (β Gal) activity, the over-production of reactive oxygen species, and an altered secretome. These results reinforce the hypothesis that this fusion gene can trigger OIS in pre-leukemic B precursors. In the BaF3 cells, the p53 pathway seems to be one of the main pathways involved in the senescent response induced by E::R. Indeed, we observed an intracellular accumulation of p53 protein and alterations of its post-translation modifications. But while the p53-dependent block of the cell cycle seems to be active, the p53-dependent apoptosis pathway seems to be turned off. Consistent with these observations, the expression of E::R gave the cells a higher resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis compared to control cells. Furthermore, we observed that the treatment with the senolytic drugs SSK1, a pro-drug specifically cleaved by SA β-Gal into a cytotoxic compound, or TM5441, an inhibitor of PAI-1, induces selective cell death of the E::R+ pre-leukemic cells taking advantage of the features of senescence cells. Overall, these results strongly support the senescence induction ability of E::R in the pre-leukemia phase. This response gives the cells survival advantages compared to their normal counterpart but also potentially allows us to selectively target the E::R+ pre-leukemia cells. These observations lay the foundation for future measures to eradicate pre-leukemic cells and prevent disease development.
La traslocazione cromosomica t(12:21)(p13;q22) è l’alterazione più ricorrente nella LLA pediatrica a precursori B riscontrandosi in circa il 2-5% dei bambini nati sani. Questo gene di fusione si origina in utero e porta alla formazione del fattore trascrizionale aberrante ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R). La sola espressione di E::R non porta allo sviluppo della leucemia suggerendo che E::R da solo non è in grado di indurre la malattia. Però, la sua espressione causa la formazione di un clone pre-leucemico clinicamente silente. Solo 1% di tutti i portatori del gene di fusione E::R sviluppano la malattia conclamata. Nonostante i pazienti E::R+ hanno una buona prognosi di guarigione, il 20% ricade anche dopo tanti anni di latenza della malattia. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che le ricadute sono spesso dovute ad un clone pre-leucemico resistente che andando incontro a successive mutazioni causa una seconda malattia. Perciò, il nostro studio è focalizzato sull’ottenere una maggiore comprensione dei meccanismi che supportano la fase pre-leucemica e trovare nuovi target terapeutici specifici per le cellule pre-leucemiche. Comprendere questi meccanismi è cruciale per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche preventive con lo scopo di eliminare le cellule E::R+ dall’organismo impedendo lo sviluppo della malattia e delle sue ricadute. Precedentemente abbiamo dimostrato che l’espressione del gene di fusione E::R nelle cellule pro-B murine BaF3 causa un rallentamento del ciclo cellulare, caratteristica chiave della senescenza cellulare, la quale è spesso riscontrata nella fase pre-tumorale dello sviluppo del tumore. Inoltre, in un precedente lavoro, abbiamo rilevato l’aumento dei livelli del fosfo-istone H2AX e dell’espressione di CXCR2, i quali sono anche loro marcatori del fenotipo senescente. Perciò, abbiamo ulteriormente indagato la capacità di E::R di indurre la senescenza indotta da oncogene (OIS) utilizzando un modello in vitro in cui è possibile indurre l’espressione di E::R nelle cellule BaF3. Abbiamo dimostrato che l'espressione di E::R causa l'induzione di altri marcatori di senescenza nella linea cellulare BaF3, come una morfologia alterata, un'aumentata attività della beta-galattosidasi (β Gal) associata alla senescenza, la sovrapproduzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno e un’alterazione del secretoma. Questi risultati rafforzano l’ipotesi che questo gene di fusione possa innescare l’OIS nei precursori B pre-leucemici. Inoltre, nelle cellule BaF3, il pathway di p53 sembra essere una delle principali vie coinvolte nella risposta senescente indotta da E::R. Infatti, abbiamo osservato un accumulo intracellulare della proteina p53 e alterazioni delle sue modifiche post-traduzionali. Però mentre il blocco del ciclo cellulare dipendente da p53 sembra essere attivo, l’attivazione dell’apoptosi dipendente da p53 sembra essere bloccata. Coerentemente con queste osservazioni, l'espressione di E::R conferisce alle cellule una maggiore resistenza all'apoptosi indotta da stimoli che portano al danno al DNA rispetto alle cellule di controllo. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato che il trattamento con i farmaci senolitici SSK1, un pro-farmaco specificamente scisso da SA β-Gal in un composto citotossico, o TM5441, un inibitore di PAI-1, induce la morte cellulare selettiva delle cellule pre-leucemiche E::R+ sfruttando le caratteristiche delle cellule senescenti. Presi insieme questi risultati supportano fortemente la capacità di induzione di E::R della senescenza nella fase pre-leucemia. Questa risposta offre alle cellule vantaggi in termini di sopravvivenza rispetto alla loro controparte normale, ma potenzialmente ci consente anche di colpire selettivamente le cellule pre-leucemiche E::R+. Queste osservazioni pongono le basi per misure preventive future volte a sradicare le cellule pre-leucemiche dall’organismo e prevenire lo sviluppo della malattia.
(2024). The role of cellular senescence in the pre-leukemic phase of ETV6::RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2024).
The role of cellular senescence in the pre-leukemic phase of ETV6::RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ACUNZO, DENISE
2024
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), comprising 25% of childhood tumors, is the most prevalent cancer in children. Among BCP-ALL cases, the t(12:21)(p13;q22) chromosomal translocation is highly recurrent, occurring in approximately 2-5% of healthy newborns. This fusion gene occurs in utero and leads to the formation of the aberrant transcription factor ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R). E::R expression fails to cause leukemia indicating that E::R alone is insufficient to induce the disease. Indeed, its expression leads to the formation of a clinically silent pre-leukemic progenitor which can persist in the organism for many years before to complete the malignant transformation following additional mutations. Notably, only 1% of newborns harboring E::R progress to leukemia. Despite the good prognosis associated with E::R+ patients, 20% of them relapse even after a lot of years of latency. It has been demonstrated that the relapses can be due to the persistence of a chemoresistant pre-leukemic clone, which undergoes further mutations during its development. For these reasons, our research focused on obtaining a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms supporting the pre-leukemic phase and identifying new therapeutic targets specific for these cells. Comprehending these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventive strategies aimed at eliminating E::R+ pre-leukemic cells from the body, thereby impeding the onset of the disease and minimizing the risk of relapses. We previously established that the expression of E::R in the BaF3 cells results in the slowdown of cell cycle progression, which is a key feature of senescence response, a common event in the pre-tumoral phase of tumor development. Moreover, in a previous report, we also detected the increased phospho-histone H2AX level and CXCR2 expression, which are also important markers of the senescence phenotype. Thus, we next explored the ability of E::R to induce an oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) response, utilizing the oncogene inducible in vitro E::R-expressing BaF3 cells. We demonstrated that E::R expression causes the induction of other different markers of senescence in the BaF3 cell line, such as an altered morphology, an increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (β Gal) activity, the over-production of reactive oxygen species, and an altered secretome. These results reinforce the hypothesis that this fusion gene can trigger OIS in pre-leukemic B precursors. In the BaF3 cells, the p53 pathway seems to be one of the main pathways involved in the senescent response induced by E::R. Indeed, we observed an intracellular accumulation of p53 protein and alterations of its post-translation modifications. But while the p53-dependent block of the cell cycle seems to be active, the p53-dependent apoptosis pathway seems to be turned off. Consistent with these observations, the expression of E::R gave the cells a higher resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis compared to control cells. Furthermore, we observed that the treatment with the senolytic drugs SSK1, a pro-drug specifically cleaved by SA β-Gal into a cytotoxic compound, or TM5441, an inhibitor of PAI-1, induces selective cell death of the E::R+ pre-leukemic cells taking advantage of the features of senescence cells. Overall, these results strongly support the senescence induction ability of E::R in the pre-leukemia phase. This response gives the cells survival advantages compared to their normal counterpart but also potentially allows us to selectively target the E::R+ pre-leukemia cells. These observations lay the foundation for future measures to eradicate pre-leukemic cells and prevent disease development.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_796829.pdf
embargo fino al 22/05/2027
Descrizione: Tesi Dottorato Denise Acunzo
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Doctoral thesis
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