Over the last three decades, neuroscientific knowledge and neurotechnologies for forensic use have become a matter of major interest for the law. Neurosciences are able to explain the mechanisms behind human behaviour with a clarity that was unimaginable only a few years ago. This potential has implications both for the legal-philosophical debate on free will and for the content of fundamental legal concepts such as freedom, causality, and individual responsibility. In addition, neurotechnologies presents two major applications in the forensic field. On the one hand, they can explain with increasing precision whether an individual has a memory of a particular event or not. On the other hand, they promise to reconstruct the functionality of specific areas of the brain on which the control of one's actions is thought to depend. The objectives we have set in this work are several. First, to provide the reader with useful coordinates for understanding this phenomenon, through an in-depth analysis of the philosophical, legal, and technical aspects of neuroscience, using the tools of analytical legal philosophy. This investigation will then be useful in pursuing our second objective, which is to propose a philosophical-legal analysis that will allow us to assess the ethical-legal sustainability of the use of forensic neurotechnologies, weighing the risks and benefits within the constitutional model of law and the framework of values represented by human rights. Neuroscience is essential in philosophy, especially in answering questions about human action and free will. However, the new forms of determinism based on this knowledge call into question certain concepts that are considered fundamental to the legal system. The first line of research will therefore focus on tracing the debate on free will between determinists, indeterminists and compatibilists, of which the modern debate is a continuation. It will be demonstrated how new forms of determinism present fallacies that have been highlighted in the thinking of the Scuola penale positiva and the proponents of forms of hard determinism. After discussing the use of neuroscience in this debate, we will use the tool of redefinition to clarify the meanings of freedom, causality, and responsibility that we intend to use. This will allow us to present a compatibilist theory that incorporates neuroscientific knowledge while adhering to the principles of normative compatibilism and the analytic-linguistic school. After clarifying the philosophical conceptual framework, we can focus on the forensic use of neurotechnology. We will explore the complex phenomenon of forensic neurotechnology from two perspectives. First, after clarifying the philosophical context and exploring the ethical and legal issues surrounding the use of neurotechnologies in forensics, it is possible to analyse the relationship between power and law within the model of the constitutional rule of law and how it is affected by new technological uses. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to redefine the terms 'power', 'law', and 'rule of law' in order to clarify their intended meanings for this work. Subsequently, we will use Foucault's categories of biopolitics, technologies of the self and technologies of power to propose a framework for understanding the relationship between new forms of private power and new technologies, and how this represents a new variable to be factored in when assessing the relationship between power and law within the model of the constitutional rule of law. The work will end with an in-depth discussion of the debate on the regulation of neurotechnology, exploring the different positions on the introduction of new rights (neurorights) aimed at ensuring a greater degree of protection in the face of the challenges that neuroscience and neurotechnology pose to the law.
Negli ultimi tre decenni le conoscenze neuroscientifiche e le neurotecnologie ad uso forense sono diventate un tema di profondo interesse per il diritto. I motivi sono molteplici e differenti. In primo luogo, le neuroscienze sono in grado di spiegare i meccanismi che si celano dietro il comportamento umano con una chiarezza fino a pochi anni fa inimmaginabile. Questo potenziale delle neurotecnologie ha ricadute sia sul dibattito giusfilosofico attorno al libero arbitrio. In secondo luogo, quando applicate in ambito forense, le neurotecnologie possono svolgere un duplice ruolo. Per un verso, sono in grado di spiegare con un sempre maggior grado di precisione se un individuo ha o meno memoria di un certo evento. Per altro verso, promettono di ricostruire la funzionalità di specifiche aree del cervello da cui si ritiene dipenda il controllo delle proprie azioni. Gli obiettivi che ci poniamo in questo lavoro sono molteplici. Innanzitutto, tramite una analisi approfondita degli aspetti filosofici, giuridici e tecnici riguardanti le neuroscienze e le neurotecnologie si intende fornire delle coordinate utili al lettore per meglio comprendere questo complesso fenomeno. Questo obiettivo si inscrive nella scelta metodologica di impiegare gli strumenti della filosofia del diritto di indirizzo analitico-linguistico. Tale analisi sarà poi utile a perseguire il secondo obiettivo che ci poniamo, ossia proporre una riflessione dai contorni filosofici e giuridici che ci permetterà di valutare la sostenibilità etico-giuridica dell’impiego delle neurotecnologie forensi. Per questo motivo la ricerca segue tre linee di ricerca. La prima, volta a fornire una ricostruzione del dibattito sul libero arbitrio tra deterministi, indeterministi e compatibilisti di cui il dibattito moderno è una prosecuzione. Sarà così possibile dimostrare come le nuove forme di determinismo presentano fallacie che sono state evidenziate nel pensiero della Scuola penale positiva. Dopo aver affrontato come le neuroscienze vengono impiegate all’interno di questo dibattito impiegheremo lo strumento ridefinitorio per chiarire quali siano le accezioni di libertà, causalità e responsabilità che intendiamo utilizzare. In questo modo, forniremo una teoria compatibilista integrata con le conoscenze neuroscientifiche, che rispetta gli assunti del compatibilismo normativo e della scuola analitico-linguistica. La seconda linea di analisi è volta a fornire un approfondimento interdisciplinare del complesso fenomeno delle neurotecnologie forensi sotto due punti di vista differenti ma complementari. Da un lato, verrà proposta una ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte tecnologico al fine di comprendere i numerosi problemi tecnici ed etici che si celano dietro l’impiego di queste tecnologie. Dall’altro lato, saranno approfonditi casi giurisprudenziali provenienti sia dal contesto italiano sia dal contesto statunitense dove tali tecnologie sono state utilizzate. La terza linea di analisi concerne il rapporto tra potere e diritto all’interno del modello di stato di diritto costituzionale e come questo sia influenzato da nuovi usi tecnologici. A tal fine, sarà necessaria un’operazione ridefinitoria per chiarire quali accezioni di potere, diritto e stato di diritto si intendono impiegare in questo lavoro. Tramite il richiamo alle categorie foucaultiane di biopolitica, tecnologie del sé e tecnologie del potere, proporremo una chiave di lettura finalizzata a mettere in luce il rapporto tra nuove forme di potere privato e nuove tecnologie e come questo rappresenti una nuova variabile da considerare nel valutare il rapporto tra potere e diritto all’interno del modello di stato costituzionale di diritto. L’elaborato si chiude con l’approfondimento del dibattito sulla regolamentazione delle neurotecnologie esplorando le differenti posizioni circa l’introduzione dei c.d. neurodiritti al fine di garantire un maggior grado di protezione per gli individui.
(2024). Neuroscienze e applicazioni in ambito forense: profili filosofici ed etico-giuridici. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
Neuroscienze e applicazioni in ambito forense: profili filosofici ed etico-giuridici
STOCCHI, FRANCESCO
2024
Abstract
Over the last three decades, neuroscientific knowledge and neurotechnologies for forensic use have become a matter of major interest for the law. Neurosciences are able to explain the mechanisms behind human behaviour with a clarity that was unimaginable only a few years ago. This potential has implications both for the legal-philosophical debate on free will and for the content of fundamental legal concepts such as freedom, causality, and individual responsibility. In addition, neurotechnologies presents two major applications in the forensic field. On the one hand, they can explain with increasing precision whether an individual has a memory of a particular event or not. On the other hand, they promise to reconstruct the functionality of specific areas of the brain on which the control of one's actions is thought to depend. The objectives we have set in this work are several. First, to provide the reader with useful coordinates for understanding this phenomenon, through an in-depth analysis of the philosophical, legal, and technical aspects of neuroscience, using the tools of analytical legal philosophy. This investigation will then be useful in pursuing our second objective, which is to propose a philosophical-legal analysis that will allow us to assess the ethical-legal sustainability of the use of forensic neurotechnologies, weighing the risks and benefits within the constitutional model of law and the framework of values represented by human rights. Neuroscience is essential in philosophy, especially in answering questions about human action and free will. However, the new forms of determinism based on this knowledge call into question certain concepts that are considered fundamental to the legal system. The first line of research will therefore focus on tracing the debate on free will between determinists, indeterminists and compatibilists, of which the modern debate is a continuation. It will be demonstrated how new forms of determinism present fallacies that have been highlighted in the thinking of the Scuola penale positiva and the proponents of forms of hard determinism. After discussing the use of neuroscience in this debate, we will use the tool of redefinition to clarify the meanings of freedom, causality, and responsibility that we intend to use. This will allow us to present a compatibilist theory that incorporates neuroscientific knowledge while adhering to the principles of normative compatibilism and the analytic-linguistic school. After clarifying the philosophical conceptual framework, we can focus on the forensic use of neurotechnology. We will explore the complex phenomenon of forensic neurotechnology from two perspectives. First, after clarifying the philosophical context and exploring the ethical and legal issues surrounding the use of neurotechnologies in forensics, it is possible to analyse the relationship between power and law within the model of the constitutional rule of law and how it is affected by new technological uses. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to redefine the terms 'power', 'law', and 'rule of law' in order to clarify their intended meanings for this work. Subsequently, we will use Foucault's categories of biopolitics, technologies of the self and technologies of power to propose a framework for understanding the relationship between new forms of private power and new technologies, and how this represents a new variable to be factored in when assessing the relationship between power and law within the model of the constitutional rule of law. The work will end with an in-depth discussion of the debate on the regulation of neurotechnology, exploring the different positions on the introduction of new rights (neurorights) aimed at ensuring a greater degree of protection in the face of the challenges that neuroscience and neurotechnology pose to the law.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_806861.pdf
embargo fino al 19/04/2026
Descrizione: Neuroscienze e applicazioni in ambito forense: profili filosofici ed etico-giuridici
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Doctoral thesis
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