Nursing homes play a vital role in providing care and support to older adults, particularly those who require specialized assistance due to chronic illnesses, disabilities, or cognitive impairments. The aging demographic shift has led to an increased demand for nursing home services. Older adults often face complex health issues, which necessitate comprehensive, multidimensional care. The approach to older adults in Nursing Homes is based on the use of reference theories that guide the professional in taking charge, the application of models that allow for hypothesizing the life experience of that person, with their history, clinical, social, and relational characteristics, at that specific moment. It also relies on the use of a methodology that, through assessment tools and scales, allows for setting goals for the well-being of the elderly person, evaluating the effectiveness of implemented interventions, and adjusting the care plan based on the bio-psychosocial changes that the elderly individual may undergo. Multidimensional geriatric assessment (MGA) represents the preferred means for monitoring the care process and facilitates the integration of perspectives among professionals with diverse skills and training, all to ensure continuity and consistency for the elderly person. This thesis includes five chapters. The first one serves as a broad introduction to aging and its main characteristics within Italian nursing homes, with specific reference to the Lombardy region. It explores topics related to a person-centered approach, multidimensional geriatric assessment, and the key assessment scales that make up the Individualized Care Plan (ICP) of nursing home residents. The chapter then delves into the trajectory of pathological aging, focusing on neurocognitive disorders (distinguishing between delirium, minor neurocognitive disorder, and major neurocognitive disorder) and depression. In the second chapter we present a longitudinal study carried out on a sample of two nursing homes in Northern Italy. In this work entitled “Bio-Psycho-Social Well-Being of Nursing Home Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study” we investigated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the bio-psycho-social functioning of N = 247 residents in the three-year period 2018-2021. Results suggest that there is a trend of worsening of residents' well-being during the pandemic, regardless of whether individuals tested positive for COVID-19. It was surprising to note that frequent interactions with family caregivers did not appear to have a protective effect, and, in fact, deteriorating conditions were linked to increased subsequent social contacts. This study is currently under review in Psychology and Aging. In the third chapter we address the topic of death and end-of-life, a significant aspect of everyday life in nursing homes and which it was imperative to focus on after the deaths that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic. In chapter 4, we present the results of a project entitled “Bio-Psycho-Social Variables and Late Life Depression in Nursing Homes: A Temporal and Contemporaneous Network Analysis Exploration”. In this study (N = 180, partially overlapped with the sample of the first study), we explored, using psychometric network analysis, the presence of predictive relationships between the most important indicators of well-being (clinical, functional, motor) in the period from February 2021 to August 2022. The study provides valuable insights into the predictive connections among bio-psycho-social variables that describe the functioning of residents in nursing homes, both within the same assessment period and over subsequent semesters. In chapter 5, we summarize the concepts and the results presented in the previous chapters and we discuss potential extensions of our research that can help to overcome its limitations.
Le case di riposo svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel fornire assistenza e sostegno alle persone anziane, in particolare in presenza di malattie croniche, disabilità e/o disturbi cognitivi. L’invecchiamento demografico ha portato ad un aumento delle domande di istituzionalizzazione e, data la complessità della presa in carico, l'approccio alle persone anziane nelle strutture di lungodegenza necessita dell’utilizzo di teorie di riferimento che guidino ed orientino il caregiver professionale, dell'applicazione di modelli che consentono di formulare delle ipotesi circa il vissuto di quella persona, con la sua storia, le caratteristiche cliniche, sociali e relazionali, in quel preciso momento. Si basa inoltre sull’utilizzo di una metodologia che, attraverso strumenti e scale di valutazione, consenta di fissare obiettivi per il benessere del residente, valutare l’efficacia degli interventi attuati e adeguare il piano di cura in base ai cambiamenti bio-psico-sociali a cui può andare incontro l’anziano. La valutazione multidimensionale geriatrica (VMG) rappresenta lo strumento privilegiato per monitorare il processo di cura e facilitare l’integrazione di prospettive tra professionisti con competenze e formazioni diverse, il tutto per garantire continuità e coerenza alla persona anziana. Questa tesi comprende cinque capitoli. Il primo costituisce un'ampia introduzione all'invecchiamento e alle sue principali caratteristiche all'interno delle case di riposo italiane, con specifico riferimento alla regione Lombardia. Esplora argomenti relativi all’approccio centrato sulla persona, alla valutazione geriatrica multidimensionale e alle principali scale di valutazione che compongono il Piano Assistenziale Individualizzato (PAI). Successivamente, il capitolo approfondisce aspetti inerenti l’invecchiamento patologico, concentrandosi sui disturbi neurocognitivi e sulla depressione. Nel secondo capitolo presentiamo uno studio longitudinale effettuato su un campione di due case di riposo del Nord Italia. In questo lavoro intitolato “Bio-Psycho-Social Well-Being of Nursing Home Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study” abbiamo studiato l’impatto della pandemia di Covid-19 sul funzionamento bio-psico-sociale di n = 247 residenti nel triennio 2018-2021. I risultati suggeriscono che esiste una tendenza al peggioramento del benessere dei residenti durante la pandemia, indipendentemente dal fatto che gli individui siano risultati positivi al COVID-19. È stato sorprendente notare che le frequenti interazioni con i caregiver familiari non sembravano avere un effetto protettivo e, in effetti, il peggioramento delle condizioni era legato a un aumento dei successivi contatti sociali. Nel terzo capitolo affrontiamo il tema della morte e del fine vita, un tema significativo nella quotidianità delle case di riposo e sul quale è stato imperativo concentrarsi dopo i decessi avvenuti durante il Covid-19. Nel capitolo 4 presentiamo i risultati di una ricerca intitolata “Bio-Psycho-Social Variables and Late Life Depression in Nursing Homes: A Temporal and Contemporaneous Network Analysis Exploration”. In questo studio (N = 180, parzialmente sovrapposto al campione del primo studio), abbiamo esplorato, utilizzando le Network Analysis, la presenza di relazioni predittive tra i più importanti indicatori di benessere (clinici, funzionali, motori) nel periodo da febbraio 2021 ad agosto 2022. Lo studio fornisce preziosi spunti sulle connessioni predittive tra le variabili bio-psico-sociali che descrivono il funzionamento dei residenti nelle due case di riposo coinvolte, sia nello stesso periodo di valutazione che nei semestri successivi. Nel capitolo 5 riassumiamo i concetti e i risultati presentati nei capitoli precedenti e discutiamo le potenziali estensioni della nostra ricerca che possono aiutare a superarne i limiti.
(2024). CARING FOR OLDER ADULTS: BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASSESSMENT AND WELL-BEING IN NURSING HOMES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
CARING FOR OLDER ADULTS: BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASSESSMENT AND WELL-BEING IN NURSING HOMES
CEPPI, LAURA
2024
Abstract
Nursing homes play a vital role in providing care and support to older adults, particularly those who require specialized assistance due to chronic illnesses, disabilities, or cognitive impairments. The aging demographic shift has led to an increased demand for nursing home services. Older adults often face complex health issues, which necessitate comprehensive, multidimensional care. The approach to older adults in Nursing Homes is based on the use of reference theories that guide the professional in taking charge, the application of models that allow for hypothesizing the life experience of that person, with their history, clinical, social, and relational characteristics, at that specific moment. It also relies on the use of a methodology that, through assessment tools and scales, allows for setting goals for the well-being of the elderly person, evaluating the effectiveness of implemented interventions, and adjusting the care plan based on the bio-psychosocial changes that the elderly individual may undergo. Multidimensional geriatric assessment (MGA) represents the preferred means for monitoring the care process and facilitates the integration of perspectives among professionals with diverse skills and training, all to ensure continuity and consistency for the elderly person. This thesis includes five chapters. The first one serves as a broad introduction to aging and its main characteristics within Italian nursing homes, with specific reference to the Lombardy region. It explores topics related to a person-centered approach, multidimensional geriatric assessment, and the key assessment scales that make up the Individualized Care Plan (ICP) of nursing home residents. The chapter then delves into the trajectory of pathological aging, focusing on neurocognitive disorders (distinguishing between delirium, minor neurocognitive disorder, and major neurocognitive disorder) and depression. In the second chapter we present a longitudinal study carried out on a sample of two nursing homes in Northern Italy. In this work entitled “Bio-Psycho-Social Well-Being of Nursing Home Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study” we investigated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the bio-psycho-social functioning of N = 247 residents in the three-year period 2018-2021. Results suggest that there is a trend of worsening of residents' well-being during the pandemic, regardless of whether individuals tested positive for COVID-19. It was surprising to note that frequent interactions with family caregivers did not appear to have a protective effect, and, in fact, deteriorating conditions were linked to increased subsequent social contacts. This study is currently under review in Psychology and Aging. In the third chapter we address the topic of death and end-of-life, a significant aspect of everyday life in nursing homes and which it was imperative to focus on after the deaths that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic. In chapter 4, we present the results of a project entitled “Bio-Psycho-Social Variables and Late Life Depression in Nursing Homes: A Temporal and Contemporaneous Network Analysis Exploration”. In this study (N = 180, partially overlapped with the sample of the first study), we explored, using psychometric network analysis, the presence of predictive relationships between the most important indicators of well-being (clinical, functional, motor) in the period from February 2021 to August 2022. The study provides valuable insights into the predictive connections among bio-psycho-social variables that describe the functioning of residents in nursing homes, both within the same assessment period and over subsequent semesters. In chapter 5, we summarize the concepts and the results presented in the previous chapters and we discuss potential extensions of our research that can help to overcome its limitations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: CARING FOR OLDER ADULTS: BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASSESSMENT AND WELL-BEING IN NURSING HOMES
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Doctoral thesis
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