The human brain consistently maintains a mental and implicit representation of the body over time and space, utilized for processing sensory stimuli and interacting efficiently with the external world. In this context, through sensorimotor contingency and statistical regularities (i.e., the presence of sensory events co-occurring in a specific body part), our brain develops stable mechanisms to process sensory stimuli from the external environment efficiently. However, recent studies suggest that mechanisms used to process bodily sensory information efficiently depend on the sensory experience of our body during development and, simultaneously, can be altered by new configurations of sensorimotor contingencies during interaction with the external environment. To further disentangle this aspect, the present doctoral thesis used a new experimental paradigm developed in virtual reality (VR) to create a spatial mismatch between the body part involved in the motor interaction and the body part that received somatosensory feedback derived from the interaction. During the task, the participant interacted in the virtual environment with a stick controlled by the right hand, and the goal was to move a virtual cube according to the provided instructions (a total of 10 minutes of interaction). Each time the virtual stick touched the cube, the participant received a tactile stimulus. In the congruent condition, the participant received tactile feedback on the right hand. In the incongruent condition, the participant received tactile feedback on the left ankle (contralateral to the hand used for interaction). In separate sessions, the same participants performed the spatial misalignment condition (incongruent condition) or the spatial alignment condition (congruent condition, i.e., control), and the measurements were collected before and after the task. The presented studies aimed to investigate and explore, through psychophysical and neuroimaging techniques, how the human brain responds to a prolonged period of sensorimotor interaction characterized by spatial misalignment between motor efferent commands and afferent somatosensory information received as feedback from the external environment. Specifically, in four different studies, the same paradigm was used to investigate changes in tactile acuity (Study 1), somatosensory cortical potentials (Study 2), motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (Study 3), and peripersonal spatial representation (Study 4). Tactile acuity of participants partially improved after the congruent condition but not after the incongruent condition (1). The two neurophysiological studies (2 and 3) indicated the presence of a functional reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex following the incongruent condition, both in motor and somatosensory aspects. Finally, in the last study (4), a slowdown in the processing of tactile stimuli delivered to the right hand arose after being exposed to the incongruent condition, but only when these were administered without the presence of an additional auditory stimulus presented near or far from the hand. Overall, the results from the studies presented in this thesis suggest the presence of adaptation processes in the sensorimotor cortex induced by exposure to a spatial sensorimotor conflict situation. These adaptations involve both the processing of incoming somatosensory information and the activity of the motor cortex in the body part affected by spatial incongruence. These scientific outcomes highlight the crucial role of spatial sensorimotor integrity in the representation of our body and, simultaneously, the presence of functional plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex depending on a new spatial configuration of sensorimotor interaction with the surrounding environment.
Il cervello umano mantiene costantemente una rappresentazione mentale e implicita del proprio corpo nel tempo e nello spazio, utilizzata per processare stimoli sensoriali e interagire efficientemente con il mondo esterno. Attraverso il susseguirsi di interazioni caratterizzate da contingenza sensorimotorie (ovvero la presenza di eventi di diversa natura sensoriale nello stesso momento nel tempo) e regolarità statistiche (ripetizione di eventi sensoriali in relazione tra loro), il nostro cervello è in grado di costruire una rappresentazione corporea in grado di processare ed elaborare informazioni provenienti dall’ambiente esterno efficientemente e in maniera automatica. Tuttavia, studi recenti sembrano suggerire che tali meccanismi utilizzati per processare efficientemente informazioni sensoriali corporee dipendono dalla esperienza sensoriale che facciamo del nostro corpo durante lo sviluppo, e, allo stesso tempo possono essere alterati da nuove configurazioni di contingenza sensorimotoria durante l’interazione con l’ambiente esterno. La presente tesi di dottorato ha utilizzato un nuovo paradigma sperimentale sviluppato nella realtà virtuale (VR) per creare una disparità spaziale tra la parte del corpo coinvolta nell'interazione motoria e la parte del corpo che ha ricevuto il feedback somatosensoriale derivato dall'interazione. Il compito sensorimotorio richiedeva ai partecipanti di muovere, utilizzando un bastone controllato la mano destra, un cubo all’interno dell’ambiente virtuale, per una durata totale di 10 minuti. Il contatto tra il bastone e il cubo provocava un feedback tattile. Ogni partecipante ripeteva il compito sensorimotorio in due sessioni differenti, rispettivamente per la condizione spaziale congruente e condizione spaziale incongruente. Durante la condizione congruente, il contatto tra cubo e bastone provocava un feedback tattile sulla mano destra, quindi congruente rispetto all’effettore di movimento. Durante la condizione incongruente, il contatto tra cubo e bastone provocava un feedback tattile sulla caviglia sinistra, ovvero spazialmente incongruente con l’effettore di movimento. L’obiettivo degli studi presentati è stato quello di investigare e approfondire, attraverso tecniche di psicofisica e neuroimaging, come il cervello umano risponde a un periodo prolungato di interazione sensorimotoria caratterizzata da un disallineamento spaziale tra comandi efferenti motori e informazioni afferenti somatosensoriale ricevuti come feedback dall’ambiente esterno. In quattro differenti studi, lo stesso paradigma è stato utilizzato per investigare cambiamenti nell’acuità tattile (Studio 1), nei potenziali corticali somatosensoriali (Studio 2), nei potenziali motori evocati da stimolazione magnetica transcanica (Studio 3) e nella rappresentazione spaziale peripersonale (Studio 4). Le misurazioni di interesse sono state effettuate prima e dopo il compito sensorimotorio. L’acuità tattile dei partecipanti è parzialmente migliorata dopo la condizione congruente, ma non dopo la condizione incongruente (1). I due studi neurofisiologici (2 e 3), invece, sembrano attestare la presenza di una riorganizzazione funzionale della corteccia sensorimotoria a seguito della condizione incongruente, sia per quanto riguarda aspetti motori che somatosensoriali. Nell' ultimo studio (4), è emerso un rallentamento nel processamento di stimoli tattili erogati sulla mano destra. Complessivamente, i risultati emersi da ricerche presentate in questa tesi sembrano mettere in luce processi di adattamento nella corteccia sensorimotoria e della rappresentazione multisensoriale del corpo, provocati dall'esposizione a una situazione di conflitto spaziale sensorimotorio.
(2024). How spatial sensorimotor mismatch affects body representation: from low-level sensorimotor processing to peripersonal space representation. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
How spatial sensorimotor mismatch affects body representation: from low-level sensorimotor processing to peripersonal space representation
GIRONDINI, MATTEO
2024
Abstract
The human brain consistently maintains a mental and implicit representation of the body over time and space, utilized for processing sensory stimuli and interacting efficiently with the external world. In this context, through sensorimotor contingency and statistical regularities (i.e., the presence of sensory events co-occurring in a specific body part), our brain develops stable mechanisms to process sensory stimuli from the external environment efficiently. However, recent studies suggest that mechanisms used to process bodily sensory information efficiently depend on the sensory experience of our body during development and, simultaneously, can be altered by new configurations of sensorimotor contingencies during interaction with the external environment. To further disentangle this aspect, the present doctoral thesis used a new experimental paradigm developed in virtual reality (VR) to create a spatial mismatch between the body part involved in the motor interaction and the body part that received somatosensory feedback derived from the interaction. During the task, the participant interacted in the virtual environment with a stick controlled by the right hand, and the goal was to move a virtual cube according to the provided instructions (a total of 10 minutes of interaction). Each time the virtual stick touched the cube, the participant received a tactile stimulus. In the congruent condition, the participant received tactile feedback on the right hand. In the incongruent condition, the participant received tactile feedback on the left ankle (contralateral to the hand used for interaction). In separate sessions, the same participants performed the spatial misalignment condition (incongruent condition) or the spatial alignment condition (congruent condition, i.e., control), and the measurements were collected before and after the task. The presented studies aimed to investigate and explore, through psychophysical and neuroimaging techniques, how the human brain responds to a prolonged period of sensorimotor interaction characterized by spatial misalignment between motor efferent commands and afferent somatosensory information received as feedback from the external environment. Specifically, in four different studies, the same paradigm was used to investigate changes in tactile acuity (Study 1), somatosensory cortical potentials (Study 2), motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (Study 3), and peripersonal spatial representation (Study 4). Tactile acuity of participants partially improved after the congruent condition but not after the incongruent condition (1). The two neurophysiological studies (2 and 3) indicated the presence of a functional reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex following the incongruent condition, both in motor and somatosensory aspects. Finally, in the last study (4), a slowdown in the processing of tactile stimuli delivered to the right hand arose after being exposed to the incongruent condition, but only when these were administered without the presence of an additional auditory stimulus presented near or far from the hand. Overall, the results from the studies presented in this thesis suggest the presence of adaptation processes in the sensorimotor cortex induced by exposure to a spatial sensorimotor conflict situation. These adaptations involve both the processing of incoming somatosensory information and the activity of the motor cortex in the body part affected by spatial incongruence. These scientific outcomes highlight the crucial role of spatial sensorimotor integrity in the representation of our body and, simultaneously, the presence of functional plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex depending on a new spatial configuration of sensorimotor interaction with the surrounding environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_876308.pdf
embargo fino al 19/02/2026
Descrizione: How Spatial Sensorimotor Mismatch Affects Body Representation: from low-level sensorimotor processing to peripersonal space representation
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Doctoral thesis
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