This dissertation represents the outcome of a comprehensive doctoral program conducted into two academic institutions, the University of Milano-Bicocca in Italy and the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) in the United States. The phases of this program have culminated in two distinct projects, each contributing to a deeper understanding of critical facets in the fields of immunology and epigenomics. The first project, developed at the University of Milano-Bicocca, aims at deciphering the heterogeneity and functionality of dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations in the context of human infections and tumours through the application of cutting-edge single-cell technologies. After a comprehensive description of DCs and an introduction to single-cell RNA sequencing technology and computational analysis, chapter 3 is a version of the article titled “Marongiu L, Protti G, et al. Maturation signatures of conventional dendritic cell subtypes in COVID-19 suggest direct viral sensing. Eur J Immunol. 2022” where we have delved into the transcriptional signatures of DCs in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. This investigation was underpinned by the analysis of in-house and publicly available datasets of single-cell RNA sequencing, unravelling distinct DC subpopulations and their maturation signatures in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chapters 4 and 5 further advance our understanding of DC subsets within the tumour microenvironment. Specifically, Chapter 4 focuses on the functional characterization of DC3s, a recently identified subset. Our study describes their role in the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through an extensive analysis of cancer samples spanning from early to advanced stages. The insights derived from this research hold the potential to enhance our comprehension of DC subsets' roles in human tumours, thereby serving as a valuable resource for identifying potential targets and biomarkers to refine cancer immunotherapies. Chapter 5 takes a broader perspective, investigating the composition, abundance, and functional activation of DC subsets across various cancer types. This research sheds light on how these cells adapt to diverse local microenvironments, acquiring distinctive functional specializations, and deepening our comprehension of the role of tissue imprinting in shaping DC functionality. Chapters 6 and 7 represent the culmination of this doctoral program during my period as a Visiting Graduate Researcher at UCLA, under the mentorship of Professor Matteo Pellegrini, whose expertise lies in computational approaches for interpreting epigenomic data, specifically targeted bisulfite sequencing data for measuring DNA methylation. Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive overview of DNA methylation and bisulfite sequencing, setting the background for the subsequent chapter, that is a version of the article “Protti G, et al. The methylome of buccal epithelial cells is influenced by age, sex, and physiological properties. Physiological Genomics, 2023". Here, we aimed to identify how the methylome of buccal epithelial cells is associated with demographic and health-related variables commonly used in clinical settings, such as age, sex, blood immune composition, hemoglobin levels, and others. To this end, we developed a model to assess the association of multiple factors with the human methylome and identify the genomic loci significantly impacted by each trait. The resulting model reveals significant impacts of multiple factors on the human methylome, confirming the well-established influence of age and sex while also unveiling novel physiological determinants of DNA methylation patterns. These discoveries not only contribute to a more profound comprehension of the plasticity of the human methylome but also offer insights into potential clinical implications as biomarkers.

Questa tesi è il risultato di un programma di dottorato condotto in due istituzioni accademiche, l'Università di Milano-Bicocca in Italia e l'Università della California di Los Angeles (UCLA) negli Stati Uniti. Le fasi di questo programma sono culminate in due progetti distinti, ognuno dei quali contribuisce a una comprensione più approfondita di aspetti critici nel campo dell'immunologia e dell'epigenomica. Il primo progetto, sviluppato presso l'Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, mira a decifrare l'eterogeneità e la funzionalità delle sottopopolazioni di cellule dendritiche (DC) nel contesto delle infezioni umane e dei tumori attraverso l'applicazione di tecnologie a singola cellula. Dopo una descrizione completa delle DCs e un'introduzione alla tecnologia di single-cell RNA sequencing e alle analisi computazionali, il capitolo 3 è una versione dell'articolo "Marongiu L, Protti G, et al. Maturation signatures of conventional dendritic cell subtypes in COVID-19 suggest direct viral sensing. Eur J Immunol. 2022”, dove abbiamo caratterizzato le signature trascrizionali delle DC nel sangue periferico di pazienti COVID-19 e donatori sani, tramite l’analisi di dataset di scRNA-seq. I capitoli 4 e 5 ampliano ulteriormente la nostra comprensione delle sottopopolazioni di DC, focalizzandosi sul loro ruolo nel microambiente tumorale. Specificamente, il capitolo 4 si focalizza sulla caratterizzazione funzionale delle DC3s, una sottopopolazione recentemente identificata, descrivendo il loro ruolo nello sviluppo e nella progressione del cancro polmonare non a piccole cellule (NSCLC). I risultati derivati da questa ricerca hanno il potenziale di migliorare la nostra comprensione della funzionalità delle DC nei tumori umani, fungendo così da preziosa risorsa per identificare potenziali bersagli e biomarcatori per rifinire le tecniche di immunoterapia. Il capitolo 5 ha una prospettiva più ampia, focalizzandosi sullo studio della composizione, abbondanza e attivazione funzionale delle sottopopolazioni di DC in diversi tumori umani. Questa ricerca fa luce su come queste cellule si adattino a diversi microambienti locali, acquisendo specifiche funzioni e approfondendo la nostra comprensione del ruolo dell'imprinting tissutale nel plasmare la biologia delle DC. I capitoli 6 e 7 rappresentano il culmine di questo programma di dottorato durante il mio periodo presso UCLA, sotto la guida del professor Matteo Pellegrini, il cui laboratorio ha numerosi anni di esperienza nelle analisi computazionali per l'interpretazione dei dati epigenomici, specificatamente dati di targeted bisulfite sequencing per la misurazione della metilazione del DNA. Il capitolo 6 fornisce una panoramica completa della metilazione del DNA e della tecnologia di bisulfite sequencing, fornendo le basi per il capitolo successivo, che è una versione dell'articolo "Protti G, et al. The methylome of buccal epithelial cells is influenced by age, sex, and physiological properties. Physiological Genomics, 2023". Lo scopo di questo progetto è quello di identificare come il metiloma delle cellule epiteliali della bocca sia associato a variabili demografiche e di salute comunemente usate in ambito clinico, quali età, sesso, composizione immunitaria del sangue, livelli di emoglobina ed altri. A tal fine, abbiamo sviluppato un modello per valutare l'associazione di molteplici fattori con il metiloma umano e identificare i loci genomici significativamente influenzati da ciascun tratto. Il modello risultante rivela associazioni significative tra molteplici fattori e il metiloma umano, confermando la nota influenza di età e sesso, e allo stesso tempo rivelando nuovi determinanti dei pattern di metilazione del DNA. Questi risultati non solo contribuiscono ad una comprensione più profonda della plasticità del metiloma ma offrono spunti sulle potenziali implicazioni cliniche come biomarcatori.

(2024). Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Bisulfite Sequencing: Unveiling the Complexity of Dendritic Cell Heterogeneity and DNA Methylation Dynamics. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Bisulfite Sequencing: Unveiling the Complexity of Dendritic Cell Heterogeneity and DNA Methylation Dynamics

PROTTI, GIULIA
2024

Abstract

This dissertation represents the outcome of a comprehensive doctoral program conducted into two academic institutions, the University of Milano-Bicocca in Italy and the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) in the United States. The phases of this program have culminated in two distinct projects, each contributing to a deeper understanding of critical facets in the fields of immunology and epigenomics. The first project, developed at the University of Milano-Bicocca, aims at deciphering the heterogeneity and functionality of dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations in the context of human infections and tumours through the application of cutting-edge single-cell technologies. After a comprehensive description of DCs and an introduction to single-cell RNA sequencing technology and computational analysis, chapter 3 is a version of the article titled “Marongiu L, Protti G, et al. Maturation signatures of conventional dendritic cell subtypes in COVID-19 suggest direct viral sensing. Eur J Immunol. 2022” where we have delved into the transcriptional signatures of DCs in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. This investigation was underpinned by the analysis of in-house and publicly available datasets of single-cell RNA sequencing, unravelling distinct DC subpopulations and their maturation signatures in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chapters 4 and 5 further advance our understanding of DC subsets within the tumour microenvironment. Specifically, Chapter 4 focuses on the functional characterization of DC3s, a recently identified subset. Our study describes their role in the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through an extensive analysis of cancer samples spanning from early to advanced stages. The insights derived from this research hold the potential to enhance our comprehension of DC subsets' roles in human tumours, thereby serving as a valuable resource for identifying potential targets and biomarkers to refine cancer immunotherapies. Chapter 5 takes a broader perspective, investigating the composition, abundance, and functional activation of DC subsets across various cancer types. This research sheds light on how these cells adapt to diverse local microenvironments, acquiring distinctive functional specializations, and deepening our comprehension of the role of tissue imprinting in shaping DC functionality. Chapters 6 and 7 represent the culmination of this doctoral program during my period as a Visiting Graduate Researcher at UCLA, under the mentorship of Professor Matteo Pellegrini, whose expertise lies in computational approaches for interpreting epigenomic data, specifically targeted bisulfite sequencing data for measuring DNA methylation. Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive overview of DNA methylation and bisulfite sequencing, setting the background for the subsequent chapter, that is a version of the article “Protti G, et al. The methylome of buccal epithelial cells is influenced by age, sex, and physiological properties. Physiological Genomics, 2023". Here, we aimed to identify how the methylome of buccal epithelial cells is associated with demographic and health-related variables commonly used in clinical settings, such as age, sex, blood immune composition, hemoglobin levels, and others. To this end, we developed a model to assess the association of multiple factors with the human methylome and identify the genomic loci significantly impacted by each trait. The resulting model reveals significant impacts of multiple factors on the human methylome, confirming the well-established influence of age and sex while also unveiling novel physiological determinants of DNA methylation patterns. These discoveries not only contribute to a more profound comprehension of the plasticity of the human methylome but also offer insights into potential clinical implications as biomarkers.
GRANUCCI, FRANCESCA
scRNA-seq; cellule dendritiche; bisulfite sequencing; metilazione; bioinformatica
scRNA-seq; dendritic cells; bisulfite sequencing; methylation; bioinformatics
MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
English
12-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20270212
(2024). Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Bisulfite Sequencing: Unveiling the Complexity of Dendritic Cell Heterogeneity and DNA Methylation Dynamics. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459928
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