Mountain regions play a crucial role in ecological, climatic, and cultural contexts, providing a multitude of essential ecosystem services. However, they face threats from climate change and anthropogenic pressures, affecting both their ecosystems and the services they provide. Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that humas derive from ecosystems, and these are vital for human well-being. Despite their importance, there is no standardized methodology for evaluating ES, leading to varied approaches and potential inconsistencies in results. This study focuses on ES valuation in mountain protected areas, focusing on the climate regulation service and cultural ecosystem services. The study covers diverse mountain protected areas: the Adamello Regional Park (AD) in Italy, the Troodos National Forest Park (TRD) in Cyprus and the Gran Paradiso National Park (PNGP) in Italy. An extensive literature review was undertaken, analysing 956 papers on ecosystem services in mountain areas, highlighting diverse approaches for ES valuation and the diverse indicators. Hence, the first study quantified organic carbon (OC) stocks, a critical indicator for the climate regulation service. Fieldwork activities collected data on OC stocks in soil, biomass, and litter, revealing complex variations across habitat and soil types, and the correlations with environmental features, such as elevation. The second study compared three approaches, namely fieldwork activities, the Italian Inventory of Forest and Carbon, and TESSA Toolkit, for evaluating the climate regulation service using data from Alpine protected areas. The approaches yielded varying outcomes, with TESSA showing higher OC stocks that the other approaches. The study gives suggestions for the climate regulation evaluation, reducing costs but yielding accurate results. The third study used remote sensing (Landsat data) to analyse forest dynamics in the Adamello Regional Park. The study covered a ten-year interval between 1988 and 2022, revealing an overall increase in forested areas but a net loss during the 2010-2022 period, possibly due to extreme events and biotic disturbances. The fourth study evaluated cultural ecosystem services in the AD and the PNGP. Interviews with park managers and municipal representatives identified tourism as a potential threat and a source of economic development. Questionnaires were administered to understand users' attitudes and their perception of ES. The majority of users were one-day visitors, contributing to the issue of mass tourism. Users mainly perceived aesthetic values, nature observation, and biodiversity conservation as ES. Poor engagement with regulating and provisioning services was observed and an improved ES awareness was correlated with a prior knowledge, suggesting that targeted communications campaigns could be affective in raising environmental awareness.
Le regioni montane svolgono un ruolo cruciale in contesti ecologici, climatici e culturali, fornendo una moltitudine di servizi ecosistemici. Tuttavia, esse sono minacciate dai cambiamenti climatici e dalle pressioni antropiche, che colpiscono sia i loro ecosistemi che i servizi che forniscono. I servizi ecosistemici (SE) sono i benefici che gli umani ottengono dagli ecosistemi, e questi sono vitali per il benessere umano. Nonostante la loro importanza, non esiste una metodologia standardizzata per la valutazione dei SE, questo porta ad approcci diversi e potenziali incongruenze nei risultati. Questo studio si concentra sulla valutazione dei SE nelle aree protette di montagna, concentrandosi sul servizio di regolazione del clima e servizi ecosistemici culturali. Lo studio coinvolge diverse aree montane protette: il Parco Regionale dell'Adamello (AD) in Italia, il Parco Forestale Nazionale di Troodos (TRD) a Cipro e il Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (PNGP) in Italia. È stata intrapresa un'ampia review della letteratura, analizzando 956 pubblicazioni sui SE nelle zone di montagna, evidenziando diversi approcci per la loro valutazione e i diversi indicatori. Il primo studio ha quindi quantificato gli stock di carbonio organico (OC), un indicatore critico per il servizio di regolazione del clima. Le attività sul campo hanno raccolto dati sugli stock di OC nel suolo, nella biomassa e nella lettiera, rivelando complesse variazioni tra tipi di habitat e di suolo, e le correlazioni con le caratteristiche ambientali, come ad esempio la quota. Il secondo studio ha messo a confronto tre approcci per la valutazione della regolazione climatica nelle aree alpine protette, ovvero dati di campo, l'Inventario Italiano delle Foreste e del Carbonio, e TESSA Toolkit. Gli approcci hanno prodotto risultati diversi, con TESSA mostrando stock OC più elevati rispetto agli altri approcci. Lo studio fornisce suggerimenti per la valutazione della regolazione climatica, riducendo i costi ma ottenendo risultati accurati. Il terzo studio ha utilizzato il telerilevamento (dati Landsat) per analizzare le dinamiche forestali nel AD. Lo studio ha coperto un intervallo di dieci anni tra il 1988 e il 2022, rivelando un aumento complessivo delle aree boschive, ma identificando una perdita netta nel periodo 2010-2022, probabilmente a causa di eventi estremi e disturbi biotici. Il quarto studio ha valutato i servizi ecosistemici culturali nell'AD e nel PNGP. Le interviste con i gestori dei parchi e i rappresentanti comunali hanno individuato nel turismo una potenziale minaccia e una fonte di sviluppo economico. I questionari sono stati somministrati per comprendere gli atteggiamenti degli utenti e la loro percezione di ES. La maggior parte degli utenti erano visitatori di un giorno, contribuendo alla questione del turismo di massa. Gli utenti percepivano principalmente i SE relativi ai valori estetici, l'osservazione della natura e la conservazione della biodiversità. È stato osservato una scarsa percezione dei servizi di regolazione e fornitura, e una maggiore consapevolezza dell'ES è stata correlata a una conoscenza preliminare, suggerendo che le campagne di comunicazione mirate potrebbero essere affettive nella sensibilizzazione ambientale
(2024). Evaluation of ecosystem services in mountain protected areas: a multi-method comparative study. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
Evaluation of ecosystem services in mountain protected areas: a multi-method comparative study
ROTA, NOEMI
2024
Abstract
Mountain regions play a crucial role in ecological, climatic, and cultural contexts, providing a multitude of essential ecosystem services. However, they face threats from climate change and anthropogenic pressures, affecting both their ecosystems and the services they provide. Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that humas derive from ecosystems, and these are vital for human well-being. Despite their importance, there is no standardized methodology for evaluating ES, leading to varied approaches and potential inconsistencies in results. This study focuses on ES valuation in mountain protected areas, focusing on the climate regulation service and cultural ecosystem services. The study covers diverse mountain protected areas: the Adamello Regional Park (AD) in Italy, the Troodos National Forest Park (TRD) in Cyprus and the Gran Paradiso National Park (PNGP) in Italy. An extensive literature review was undertaken, analysing 956 papers on ecosystem services in mountain areas, highlighting diverse approaches for ES valuation and the diverse indicators. Hence, the first study quantified organic carbon (OC) stocks, a critical indicator for the climate regulation service. Fieldwork activities collected data on OC stocks in soil, biomass, and litter, revealing complex variations across habitat and soil types, and the correlations with environmental features, such as elevation. The second study compared three approaches, namely fieldwork activities, the Italian Inventory of Forest and Carbon, and TESSA Toolkit, for evaluating the climate regulation service using data from Alpine protected areas. The approaches yielded varying outcomes, with TESSA showing higher OC stocks that the other approaches. The study gives suggestions for the climate regulation evaluation, reducing costs but yielding accurate results. The third study used remote sensing (Landsat data) to analyse forest dynamics in the Adamello Regional Park. The study covered a ten-year interval between 1988 and 2022, revealing an overall increase in forested areas but a net loss during the 2010-2022 period, possibly due to extreme events and biotic disturbances. The fourth study evaluated cultural ecosystem services in the AD and the PNGP. Interviews with park managers and municipal representatives identified tourism as a potential threat and a source of economic development. Questionnaires were administered to understand users' attitudes and their perception of ES. The majority of users were one-day visitors, contributing to the issue of mass tourism. Users mainly perceived aesthetic values, nature observation, and biodiversity conservation as ES. Poor engagement with regulating and provisioning services was observed and an improved ES awareness was correlated with a prior knowledge, suggesting that targeted communications campaigns could be affective in raising environmental awareness.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Evaluation of ecosystem services in mountain protected areas: a multi method comparative study
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Doctoral thesis
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