“Synchrony” is still complex to define and delimit. However, studying the processes that are the “pre-conditions” of synchrony needs a multidisciplinary approach. To fill this gap, this thesis explores how individual differences modulate the processes underpinning interpersonal coordination and synchrony. The studies presented in the first section of this thesis are grounded within the theoretical clinical frameworks related to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Specifically, we would focus on the psychopathological role of high BPD traits resulting from a developmental trajectory. In this sense, Chapter 1 explores whether high BPD traits would affect the ability to coordinate and synchronize with a variable adaptive partner and the emotional experience of the interaction. Our findings revealed that high BPD traits were associated with higher behavioral asynchrony and variability even when the partner was moderately adaptive. Furthermore, those individuals reported a low perception of “feeling with” and a higher negative affect than those with low BPD traits. Such findings reveal that pathological cognitive and affective schemas might play a role in modulating interpersonal synchrony and negative affect, suggesting higher impairments in emotional modulation in individuals with high BPD traits than low BPD traits. In Chapter 2, using the same behavioral task, we investigated whether self and other mental representational disturbances would modulate mu rhythm during self and other synchronized interactions and the subjective experience. Partially in line with our hypothesis, we found that individuals with high BPD traits showed altered mu suppression at a specific component of mu rhythm (10 Hz) during all the conditions as a sign of reduced sensorimotor integration within the action-perception loop. Unexpectedly, individuals with high BPD traits perceived higher cooperation at increasing the partner’s adaptivity, suggesting alternative but coherent clinical interpretations. Then, Chapter 3 unfolds across three studies to study the bidirectional link between trustworthiness and synchrony. Consistent with that, we extended those results, and partially in line with our hypotheses, we found a bidirectional link between trustworthiness and synchrony. Contrary to our hypotheses, BPD traits did not modulate these associations but only the emotional experience. Finally, in section two, we move toward the clinical setting to ascertain the effect of nonverbal synchrony at behavioral and vocal levels in psychotherapy. Chapter 4 describes a meta-analytic study exploring the relationship between nonverbal synchrony in association with the alliance and the therapeutic outcome. Our results reveal a significant association between nonverbal synchrony and alliance (mainly behavioral and alliance) but not with the therapeutic outcome. Further, the therapeutic approach did not moderate the associations. Overall, our findings point out that high pathological personality features related to BPD significantly impact interpersonal stability during synchronized interactions and co-representing self and others during dyadic interaction. Furthermore, high interpersonal vulnerability has been found to hamper the emotional modulation of negative affect, extending previous findings. Then, consistent with the view that interpersonal synchrony could enhance trustworthiness and vice versa, we supposed that synchrony could be relevant during therapy. Along these lines, we will encourage future studies to extend such a multidisciplinary approach to increase our results, taking as an ‘initial step’ our conclusive idea that the “we-mode” not only at the cognitive but also at the behavioral level might be essential for establishing and sustaining the therapeutic alliance.
Con “sincronia” intendiamo un fenomeno complesso da definire e delimitare. Tuttavia, lo studio dei processi che costituiscono le “precondizioni” di tale fenomeno necessita di un approccio multidisciplinare. In questo senso, questa tesi esplora come le differenze individuali modulano i processi alla base della coordinazione e della sincronia interpersonali. Gli studi presentati nella prima sezione di questa tesi si fondano sulle prospettive teoriche relativi al disturbo borderline di personalità (BPD). Nello specifico, ci concentreremo sul ruolo psicopatologico di alti tratti BPD. Il Capitolo 1 esplora se alti tratti BPD potrebbero influenzare la capacità di coordinarsi e sincronizzarsi con un partner più o meno adattivo e l’esperienza emotiva dell’interazione. I nostri risultati hanno rivelato che alti tratti BPD erano associati a una maggiore asincronia e variabilità comportamentale anche quando il partner era moderatamente adattivo. Inoltre, questi individui hanno riportato una bassa percezione di sintonia e un affetto negativo più elevato rispetto a quelli con bassi tratti BPD. Tali risultati rivelano che gli schemi cognitivi e affettivi patologici potrebbero svolgere un ruolo nella modulazione della sincronia interpersonale e degli affetti negativi, suggerendo maggiori vulnerabilità nella modulazione emotiva in individui con tratti BPD elevati rispetto a tratti BPD bassi. Nel Capitolo 2, utilizzando lo stesso compito comportamentale presentato nel capitolo 1, abbiamo osservato se le rappresentazioni mentali di sé e dell’altro in associazione al livello di tratto modulassero il ritmo mu durante interazioni sincronizzate o individuali e l'esperienza soggettiva dell’interazione. Parzialmente in linea con la nostra ipotesi, abbiamo ottenuto che gli individui con alti tratti BPD mostravano un'alterata soppressione del mu (10 Hz) durante tutte le condizioni come segno di ridotta integrazione sensomotoria durante l’attivazione del loop percezione-azione. Inaspettatamente, gli individui con tratti BPD elevati hanno percepito una maggiore cooperazione suggerendo interpretazioni cliniche alternative ma coerenti. Il capitolo 3 si snoda attraverso tre studi e, parzialmente in linea con le nostre ipotesi, abbiamo trovato una relazione bidirezionale tra affidabilità e sincronia ma i tratti del BPD non modulavano queste associazioni. Tuttavia i tratti avevano un effetto significativo rispetto all’esperienza emotiva. Infine, nella seconda sezione, il capitolo 4 esplora la relazione tra la sincronia non verbale con l'alleanza e l'esito terapeutico tramite un approccio meta-analitico. I risultati hanno mostrato un'associazione significativa tra sincronia non verbale e alleanza, ma non con l'esito terapeutico. L’approccio terapeutico non ha moderato le associazioni. Nel complesso, i nostri risultati sottolineano che alti tratti BPD hanno un impatto significativo sulla stabilità interpersonale durante le interazioni sincronizzate e sulla co-rappresentazione di sé e degli altri durante l'interazione diadica. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato che un’elevata vulnerabilità interpersonale potrebbe ostacolare la modulazione emotiva degli affetti negativi, estendendo i risultati precedenti. Quindi, coerentemente con l’idea che la sincronia interpersonale potrebbe migliorare l’affidabilità e viceversa, abbiamo supposto che la sincronia potesse essere rilevante durante la terapia. In questo senso, incoraggeremo gli studi futuri ad estendere tale approccio multidisciplinare prendendo come “passo iniziale” la nostra idea conclusiva che la “modalità noi” potrebbe essere essenziale per stabilire e sostenere l’alleanza terapeutica.
(2024). Cognitive-affective processes in interpersonal synchrony: behavioral and neural associations with borderline personality traits. Clinical implications in psychotherapy.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
Cognitive-affective processes in interpersonal synchrony: behavioral and neural associations with borderline personality traits. Clinical implications in psychotherapy.
GREGORINI, CAMILLA
2024
Abstract
“Synchrony” is still complex to define and delimit. However, studying the processes that are the “pre-conditions” of synchrony needs a multidisciplinary approach. To fill this gap, this thesis explores how individual differences modulate the processes underpinning interpersonal coordination and synchrony. The studies presented in the first section of this thesis are grounded within the theoretical clinical frameworks related to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Specifically, we would focus on the psychopathological role of high BPD traits resulting from a developmental trajectory. In this sense, Chapter 1 explores whether high BPD traits would affect the ability to coordinate and synchronize with a variable adaptive partner and the emotional experience of the interaction. Our findings revealed that high BPD traits were associated with higher behavioral asynchrony and variability even when the partner was moderately adaptive. Furthermore, those individuals reported a low perception of “feeling with” and a higher negative affect than those with low BPD traits. Such findings reveal that pathological cognitive and affective schemas might play a role in modulating interpersonal synchrony and negative affect, suggesting higher impairments in emotional modulation in individuals with high BPD traits than low BPD traits. In Chapter 2, using the same behavioral task, we investigated whether self and other mental representational disturbances would modulate mu rhythm during self and other synchronized interactions and the subjective experience. Partially in line with our hypothesis, we found that individuals with high BPD traits showed altered mu suppression at a specific component of mu rhythm (10 Hz) during all the conditions as a sign of reduced sensorimotor integration within the action-perception loop. Unexpectedly, individuals with high BPD traits perceived higher cooperation at increasing the partner’s adaptivity, suggesting alternative but coherent clinical interpretations. Then, Chapter 3 unfolds across three studies to study the bidirectional link between trustworthiness and synchrony. Consistent with that, we extended those results, and partially in line with our hypotheses, we found a bidirectional link between trustworthiness and synchrony. Contrary to our hypotheses, BPD traits did not modulate these associations but only the emotional experience. Finally, in section two, we move toward the clinical setting to ascertain the effect of nonverbal synchrony at behavioral and vocal levels in psychotherapy. Chapter 4 describes a meta-analytic study exploring the relationship between nonverbal synchrony in association with the alliance and the therapeutic outcome. Our results reveal a significant association between nonverbal synchrony and alliance (mainly behavioral and alliance) but not with the therapeutic outcome. Further, the therapeutic approach did not moderate the associations. Overall, our findings point out that high pathological personality features related to BPD significantly impact interpersonal stability during synchronized interactions and co-representing self and others during dyadic interaction. Furthermore, high interpersonal vulnerability has been found to hamper the emotional modulation of negative affect, extending previous findings. Then, consistent with the view that interpersonal synchrony could enhance trustworthiness and vice versa, we supposed that synchrony could be relevant during therapy. Along these lines, we will encourage future studies to extend such a multidisciplinary approach to increase our results, taking as an ‘initial step’ our conclusive idea that the “we-mode” not only at the cognitive but also at the behavioral level might be essential for establishing and sustaining the therapeutic alliance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Cognitive-affective processes in interpersonal synchrony: behavioral and neural associations with borderline personality traits. Clinical implications in psychotherapy.
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Doctoral thesis
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