The beginnings of luminescence dating techniques can be traced back to the mid-20th century. These techniques are based on the fundamental principle of the luminescence phenomenon, which involves the emission of light by semiconductors or insulating materials upon exposure to an external stimulus. This stimulus can be in various forms, such as heat and light. The thermoluminescence (TL) phenomenon occurs when a thermal stimulus is applied. Alternatively, when the stimulus is derived from electromagnetic radiation, a differentiation is possible according to the wavelength of the emitted light. This distinction gave rise to the development of techniques such as Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), which uses visible light wavelengths, and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL), which uses infrared wavelengths as input. These methods have revolutionised the way researchers determine the age of materials, opening new avenues for understanding history of the material analysed. This thesis delves into the fundamentals of these luminescence dating methods and, most importantly, explores their application to determine the age of two unconventional materials: ancient mortars and vitrified forts. The research presented here seeks to shed light on these material dating methods and their significance in unravelling the mysteries of the past. Mortar dating serves as a tool for determining the construction timeline of historical buildings. Thermoluminescence (TL) was the primary well-established method for the absolute dating of brickworks. However, it has its limitations. TL calculates the time elapsed since the firing, rendering it ineffective when dealing with reused or unfired materials. In contrast, mortars are prepared shortly before use and are typically not recycled, making them an ideal subject for dating. One of the main challenges in mortar dating is the assurance of complete quartz grain bleaching. The aim is in fact to date them from the moment they received their last sunlight, thus the moment they were laid between bricks. OSL dating was conducted on more than thirty aliquots per sample to ensure statistical significance. Preliminary results revealed a discordance from the expected ages. Analysing raw curve signals emerged as a parallel alternative to standard data treatment protocols. The proposal suggests working on a primitive form of algorithmic selection and prediction, primarily based on the deconvolution of the OSL signal and then selection new exclusion criteria on the raw curve shape. These efforts aimed to align ages more closely with the expected one. In parallel, research on a vitrified fort found near Acri in Calabria, Italy was conducted. This research aimed to explore two undisclosed origin hypotheses: a natural one or an anthropic one. Evidence pointed toward an anthropogenic origin, suggesting these rocks were remnants of structures from the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age civilization. What makes this discovery even more remarkable is the absence of such rocks in the Mediterranean European region. Samples subjected to the ”Prebleach with blue LEDs” protocol, an innovative way for dating glassy material. The results were promising making the protocol suitable for this material. However, the study of anomalous fading was essential to ensure accurate dating.

Le prime applicazioni delle tecniche di datazione con luminescenza risalgono alla metà del XX secolo. Queste tecniche si basano sul fenomeno della luminescenza, che comporta l’emissione di luce da parte di semiconduttori o materiali isolanti in seguito all’esposizione a uno stimolo esterno. Questo stimolo può assumere varie forme, come il calore e la luce. Il fenomeno della termoluminescenza (TL) si verifica quando viene applicato uno stimolo termico. In alternativa, quando lo stimolo deriva dalla radiazione elettromagnetica, è possibile una differenziazione in base alla lunghezza d’onda della luce emessa. Questa distinzione ha dato origine allo sviluppo di tecniche come la Luminescenza Ottica Stimolata (OSL), che utilizza lunghezze d’onda della luce visibile, e la Luminescenza Stimolata all’Infrarosso (IRSL), che utilizza lunghezze d’onda dell’infrarosso come input. Questi metodi hanno rivoluzionato il modo in cui i ricercatori determinano l’età dei materiali, aprendo nuove strade per la comprensione della storia del materiale analizzato. Questa tesi approfondisce i fondamenti di questi metodi di datazione a luminescenza e, soprattutto, ne esplora l’applicazione per determinare l’età di due materiali non convenzionali: le malte antiche e i vitrified forts. La datazione della malta è utile per determinare la cronologia di costruzione degli edifici storici. La termoluminescenza (TL) è stato il metodo principale e consolidato per la datazione assoluta dei mattoni. Tuttavia, questo metodo ha i suoi limiti. La TL infatti calcola il tempo trascorso dalla cottura del materiale, ciò lo rende un metodo inefficace quando si tratta di materiali riutilizzati o non cotti. Al contrario, le malte vengono preparate poco prima dell’uso e in genere non vengono riciclate, il che le rende un soggetto ideale per la datazione della costruzione per cui sono state prodotte. Una delle sfide principali nella datazione delle malte è la garanzia di un completo sbiancamento dei grani di quarzo. Lo scopo è infatti di datare dal momento in cui hanno ricevuto l’ultima luce solare; quindi, il momento in cui sono state stese in opera. La datazione OSL per questa ricerca è stata condotta su più di trenta aliquote per campione per garantire la significatività statistica. I risultati preliminari hanno rivelato una discordanza rispetto alle età previste. L’analisi dei segnali delle curve grezze è emersa come un’alternativa ai protocolli standard di trattamento dei dati. La proposta suggerisce di lavorare su una forma primitiva di selezione e previsione algoritmica, basata principalmente sulla deconvoluzione del segnale OSL e sulla selezione di nuovi criteri di esclusione sulla forma della curva grezza. Parallelamente, è stata condotta una ricerca sul forte vetrificato rinvenuto nei pressi di Acri, in Calabria, Italia. Questa ricerca mirava a esplorare due ipotesi di origine discusse: una naturale o una antropica. I risultati hanno portato a propendere per l’origine antropica, suggerendo che queste rocce erano resti di strutture della civiltà della tarda età del bronzo e/o dell’età del ferro. Ciò che rende questa scoperta ancora più notevole è l’assenza di rocce di questo tipo nella regione europea mediterranea. I campioni sono stati sottoposti al protocollo” Prebleach with blue LEDs”, un metodo innovativo per la datazione di materiali vetrosi. I risultati sono stati promettenti, rendendo il protocollo adatto a questo materiale. Tuttavia, lo studio del fading anomalo è stato essenziale per garantire una datazione accurata.

(2024). Dating unconventional material: age of ancient mortars and vitrified forts. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Dating unconventional material: age of ancient mortars and vitrified forts

SALEH, MIRIAM
2024

Abstract

The beginnings of luminescence dating techniques can be traced back to the mid-20th century. These techniques are based on the fundamental principle of the luminescence phenomenon, which involves the emission of light by semiconductors or insulating materials upon exposure to an external stimulus. This stimulus can be in various forms, such as heat and light. The thermoluminescence (TL) phenomenon occurs when a thermal stimulus is applied. Alternatively, when the stimulus is derived from electromagnetic radiation, a differentiation is possible according to the wavelength of the emitted light. This distinction gave rise to the development of techniques such as Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), which uses visible light wavelengths, and Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL), which uses infrared wavelengths as input. These methods have revolutionised the way researchers determine the age of materials, opening new avenues for understanding history of the material analysed. This thesis delves into the fundamentals of these luminescence dating methods and, most importantly, explores their application to determine the age of two unconventional materials: ancient mortars and vitrified forts. The research presented here seeks to shed light on these material dating methods and their significance in unravelling the mysteries of the past. Mortar dating serves as a tool for determining the construction timeline of historical buildings. Thermoluminescence (TL) was the primary well-established method for the absolute dating of brickworks. However, it has its limitations. TL calculates the time elapsed since the firing, rendering it ineffective when dealing with reused or unfired materials. In contrast, mortars are prepared shortly before use and are typically not recycled, making them an ideal subject for dating. One of the main challenges in mortar dating is the assurance of complete quartz grain bleaching. The aim is in fact to date them from the moment they received their last sunlight, thus the moment they were laid between bricks. OSL dating was conducted on more than thirty aliquots per sample to ensure statistical significance. Preliminary results revealed a discordance from the expected ages. Analysing raw curve signals emerged as a parallel alternative to standard data treatment protocols. The proposal suggests working on a primitive form of algorithmic selection and prediction, primarily based on the deconvolution of the OSL signal and then selection new exclusion criteria on the raw curve shape. These efforts aimed to align ages more closely with the expected one. In parallel, research on a vitrified fort found near Acri in Calabria, Italy was conducted. This research aimed to explore two undisclosed origin hypotheses: a natural one or an anthropic one. Evidence pointed toward an anthropogenic origin, suggesting these rocks were remnants of structures from the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age civilization. What makes this discovery even more remarkable is the absence of such rocks in the Mediterranean European region. Samples subjected to the ”Prebleach with blue LEDs” protocol, an innovative way for dating glassy material. The results were promising making the protocol suitable for this material. However, the study of anomalous fading was essential to ensure accurate dating.
GALLI, ANNA
Datazione; Luminescenza; Termoluminescenza; OSL; Archeometria
Dating; Luminescence; Thermoluminescence; OSL; Archeometry
FIS/07 - FISICA APPLICATA (A BENI CULTURALI, AMBIENTALI, BIOLOGIA E MEDICINA)
English
6-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
open
(2024). Dating unconventional material: age of ancient mortars and vitrified forts. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459180
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