The first part of the work aimed to characterise 2 antigens to be used as targets for a novel therapeutic bispecific antibody (bsAb) for multiple myeloma (MM). The antigens identified were B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), expressed by MM cells and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, PDL1, expressed in the bone marrow (BM) MM microenvironment. We analysed the expression of membrane BCMA (mBCMA) in primary MM samples and its regulation (i.e. its shedding) by the ɣ-secretase enzyme. Most MM neoplastic cells were positive for mBCMA at a relatively low density, which was significantly increased by treatment with a ɣ-secretase inhibitor (GSI). During this screening we identified an interesting MM case showing a high basal level of mBCMA, which was not upregulated by GSI, suggesting a defective BCMA shedding by ɣ-secretase. We therefore set out to further analyse this case molecularly. Genetic analyses of the patient’s BM DNA showed no mutations within the BCMA coding region, but rather partial deletion of the PSEN1 and amplification of PSEN2 genes, which encode alternative catalytic units of ɣ-secretase. These data suggested that this patient expressed high and dysregulated BCMA with no shedding, due to genetic alterations of one or more ɣ-secretase subunits. Future studies should investigate the genetic integrity and regulation of ɣ-secretase subunits in MM patients with high mBCMA expression. In parallel with mBCMA analysis, we investigated the expression of PDL1 in MM primary samples. PDL1 was frequently expressed either on the tumor cells or on immune cells in the BM MM microenvironment, suggesting that targeting BCMA and PDL1 could be effective in MM. We thus designed and validated a novel tetravalent IgG1-like, Fc-bearing bsAb, directed against BCMA and PDL1 (bsAb BCMAxPDL1). The bsAb bound specifically and simultaneously, with nM affinity, to both native antigens and to the recombinant soluble antigen fragments, as shown by immunophenotyping analyses and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), respectively. Binding affinity to PDL1 was about 10-fold lower in the bsAb compared to equivalent monoclonal antibody (mAb), in part due to steric hindrance associated with the more internal anti-PDL1 Fab. Affinity for PDL1 in the bsAb format was however similar to that for BCMA, even during simultaneous binding of the 2 antigens. The bsAb was able to inhibit binding of APRIL ligand to BCMA and to block functionally the PD1-PDL1 axis, thus inducing TCR-dependent T cell activation. The bsAb Fc was functional, inducing complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as well as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by NK cells in short term assays. Finally, BCMAxPDL1 was effective in long term cytotoxicity assays, with peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effectors, inducing up to 75% target MM cell line killing at a physiologically attainable, 6 nM, concentration. The fine analysis of binding and function of the BCMAxPDL1 bsAb in vitro provides the necessary data to perform future in vivo studies of this novel bsAb in humanized mice.
Il primo obiettivo di questa tesi è stato caratterizzare 2 proteine antigeniche da utilizzare come bersaglio per lo sviluppo di un nuovo anticorpo terapeutico bispecifico (bsAb) per il mieloma multiplo (MM). Gli antigeni scelti sono il BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), espresso dalle plasmacellule (PCs) neoplastiche, ed il PDL1, checkpoint immunitario inibitorio espresso nel microambiente del midollo osseo nel MM. Abbiamo analizzato l'espressione del BCMA sulla membrana cellulare (mBCMA) delle PCs in campioni primari di MM e la sua regolazione (cioè il suo taglio proteolitico) da parte dell'enzima ɣ-secretasi. La maggior parte delle PCs neoplastiche nei campioni di MM esprimevano mBCMA a bassa densità, espressione che aumentava dopo il trattamento con un inibitore dell'ɣ-secretasi (GSI). Durante questo screening è stato individuato un interessante caso di MM con elevati livelli basali di mBCMA, non modulati dal trattamento con GSI. Questa osservazione indicava che il taglio proteolitico di mBCMA da parte della ɣ-secretasi (il “shedding”) fosse difettoso. Pertanto analisi molecolari più approfondite sono state eseguite su questo caso. Le analisi genetiche del DNA del paziente hanno mostrato che la parte codificante del gene per BMCA era normale. Tuttavia, le analisi hanno dimostrato la delezione di un allele di PSEN1 e un’amplificazione di PSEN2, questi sono geni che codificano per le unità catalitiche della ɣ-secretasi. Questi dati hanno suggerito che questo paziente esprime elevati livelli di mBCMA a causa di alterazioni genetiche di una o più subunità della ɣ-secretasi. Studi futuri saranno necessari per comprendere come mutazioni dei geni che codificano per le subunità della ɣ-secretasi possono influenzare l’espressione di BCMA sulle PCs neoplastiche nel MM. Parallelamente all'analisi del BCMA, abbiamo studiato l'espressione di PDL1 in campioni primari di MM. PDL1 era espresso sulle cellule tumorali o sulle cellule immunitarie del midollo osseo in pazienti con MM, suggerendo che la scelta di BCMA e PDL1, come antigeni bersaglio per un nuovo bsAb terapeutico, poteva essere efficace nel MM. Abbiamo quindi progettato, prodotto e validato un nuovo bsAb tetravalente, con struttura simile ad una IgG1 umana, in grado di riconoscere BCMA e PDL1 (BCMAxPDL1). Abbiamo dimostrato che BCMAxPDL1 presenta una buona affinità per gli antigeni nativi, inibisce il legame di APRIL al BCMA e blocca l'interazione di PDL1 col suo recettore PD1, inducendo così l'attivazione delle cellule T. Il frammento IgG1 Fc del bsAb è funzionale, induce citotossicità mediata dal complemento umano (CDC) e l’ADCC da parte delle cellule NK. Infine, BCMAxPDL1 è risultato efficace in test di citotossicità a lungo termine che hanno previsto l’utilizzo di cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico come effettori. BCMAxPDL1 in questi test ha indotto la morte di una linea cellulare di MM usata come target (75%) a concentrazioni raggiungibili anche a livello fisiologico (6 nM). L'analisi approfondita effettuata in questa tesi, relativa lo studio dell’affinità e della funzionalità in vitro del BCMAxPDL1, fornisce il razionale per proseguire con la validazione in vivo di questa molecola in modelli di topi umanizzati.
(2024). Development and characterization of a novel therapeutic bispecific antibody targeting BCMA and PDL1 for the treatment of multiple myeloma.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
Development and characterization of a novel therapeutic bispecific antibody targeting BCMA and PDL1 for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
CATTANEO, IRENE
2024
Abstract
The first part of the work aimed to characterise 2 antigens to be used as targets for a novel therapeutic bispecific antibody (bsAb) for multiple myeloma (MM). The antigens identified were B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), expressed by MM cells and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, PDL1, expressed in the bone marrow (BM) MM microenvironment. We analysed the expression of membrane BCMA (mBCMA) in primary MM samples and its regulation (i.e. its shedding) by the ɣ-secretase enzyme. Most MM neoplastic cells were positive for mBCMA at a relatively low density, which was significantly increased by treatment with a ɣ-secretase inhibitor (GSI). During this screening we identified an interesting MM case showing a high basal level of mBCMA, which was not upregulated by GSI, suggesting a defective BCMA shedding by ɣ-secretase. We therefore set out to further analyse this case molecularly. Genetic analyses of the patient’s BM DNA showed no mutations within the BCMA coding region, but rather partial deletion of the PSEN1 and amplification of PSEN2 genes, which encode alternative catalytic units of ɣ-secretase. These data suggested that this patient expressed high and dysregulated BCMA with no shedding, due to genetic alterations of one or more ɣ-secretase subunits. Future studies should investigate the genetic integrity and regulation of ɣ-secretase subunits in MM patients with high mBCMA expression. In parallel with mBCMA analysis, we investigated the expression of PDL1 in MM primary samples. PDL1 was frequently expressed either on the tumor cells or on immune cells in the BM MM microenvironment, suggesting that targeting BCMA and PDL1 could be effective in MM. We thus designed and validated a novel tetravalent IgG1-like, Fc-bearing bsAb, directed against BCMA and PDL1 (bsAb BCMAxPDL1). The bsAb bound specifically and simultaneously, with nM affinity, to both native antigens and to the recombinant soluble antigen fragments, as shown by immunophenotyping analyses and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), respectively. Binding affinity to PDL1 was about 10-fold lower in the bsAb compared to equivalent monoclonal antibody (mAb), in part due to steric hindrance associated with the more internal anti-PDL1 Fab. Affinity for PDL1 in the bsAb format was however similar to that for BCMA, even during simultaneous binding of the 2 antigens. The bsAb was able to inhibit binding of APRIL ligand to BCMA and to block functionally the PD1-PDL1 axis, thus inducing TCR-dependent T cell activation. The bsAb Fc was functional, inducing complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as well as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by NK cells in short term assays. Finally, BCMAxPDL1 was effective in long term cytotoxicity assays, with peripheral blood mononuclear cells as effectors, inducing up to 75% target MM cell line killing at a physiologically attainable, 6 nM, concentration. The fine analysis of binding and function of the BCMAxPDL1 bsAb in vitro provides the necessary data to perform future in vivo studies of this novel bsAb in humanized mice.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_875654.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di Cattaneo Irene_875654
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Doctoral thesis
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