Recoiling massive black holes in gas-rich galaxy mergers

The asymmetric emission of gravitational waves produced during the coalescence of a massive black hole (MBH) binary imparts a velocity "kick" to the system that can displace the hole from the center of its host. Here, we study the trajectories and observability of MBHs recoiling in three (one major, two minor) gas-rich galaxy merger remnants that were previously simulated at high resolution, and in which the pairing of the MBHs had been shown to be successful.We run new simulations of MBHs recoiling in the majormerger remnant with Mach numbers in the range 1 ≤M ≤ 6 and use simulation data to construct a semi-analytical model for the orbital evolution of MBHs in gas-rich systems.We show the following. (1) In major merger remnants the energy deposited by the moving hole into the rotationally supported, turbulent medium makes a negligible contribution to the thermodynamics of the gas. This contribution becomes significant in minor merger remnants, potentially allowing for an electromagnetic signature of MBH recoil. (2) In major merger remnants, the combination of both deeper central potential well and drag from high-density gas confines even MBHs with kick velocities as high as 1200 km s?1 within 1 kpc from the hosts center. (3) Kinematically offset nuclei may be observable for timescales of a few Myr in major merger remnants in the case of recoil velocities in the range 7001000 km s?1. (4) In minor merger remnants the effect of gas drag is weaker, and MBHs with recoil speeds in the range 300600 km s?1 will wander through the host halo for longer timescales.When accounting for the probability distribution of kick velocities, however, we find that the likelihood of observing recoiling MBHs in gas-rich galaxy mergers is very low even in the best-case scenario.