Chitosan derivatives as dynamic coatings for transferrin glycoform separation in capillary electrophoresis

Chitosan and its derivatives are interesting biopolymers for different field of analytical chemistry, especially in separation techniques. The present study was aimed at testing chitosan water soluble derivatives as dynamic coating agents for application to capillary electrophoresis. In particular, chitosan was modified following three different chemical reactions (nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, and condensation) to introduce differences in charge and steric hindrance, and to assess the effect of these physico-chemical properties in capillary electrophoresis. The effects were tested on the capillary electrophoretic separation of the glycoforms of human transferrin, an important iron-transporting serum protein, one of which, namely disialo-transferrin (CDT), is a biomarker of alcohol abuse. Chitosan derivatives were characterized by using NMR and 1H NMR, HP-SEC-TDA, DLS, and rheology. The use of these compounds as dynamic coatings in the electrolyte running buffer in capillary electrophoresis was tested assessing the peak resolution of the main glycoforms of human transferrin and particularly of disialo-transferrin. The results showed distinct changes of the peak resolution produced by the different derivatives. The best results in terms of peak resolution were achieved using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified chitosan, which, in comparison to a reference analytical approach, provided an almost baseline resolution of disialo-transferrin from the adjacent peaks.