The right to health plays a leading role in contemporary Italian society, both because it is characterized by a complex and constantly evolving content, and because, among the social rights, it is the one that constitutes the largest item of expenditure in the budgets of public administrations. The complex content of this right derives from its inherent characteristic to adapt according to the technological, social, cultural and economic evolution of the country: the same definition of "health" has undergone continuous interpretations over time, in so much that its historical definition – “absence of disease” – has become completely obsolete. The contribution of the reforming guidelines of the national health organization was also important in this continuous updating: the 1978 Reform, which by establishing the National Health System implemented the concept of a "universal and global" right to health as conceived by the art. 32 cost.; the Reforms of 1992 and 1999, which led to the corporatization and regionalization of the NHS, as well as the greater involvement of private individuals in grant-making activities; the Reform of Title V in 2001, which definitively sanctioned the dualism between the State and the regions in the field of "health protection", through its placement among the subjects of concurrent legislative competence. The current health system, a legacy above all of the reforms that have followed one another from the early 1990s to the present, has however shown some critical issues over time, linked above all to the economic difficulties encountered by the country-system and which have resulted in reductions and rationalization of spending which have created difficulties in numerous sector; in addition to this, in recent years the great gap between the various regional health systems has consolidated - as well as, within the single SSR’s, between the various territories - in terms of performance and spending efficiency. Moreover, these critical issues were exacerbated during the pandemic COVID-19 emergency, during which the national health system has faced an unprecedented situation: first of all, a certain friction between the national and regional levels of government emerged in the media regarding the competence to adopt emergency measures and their merits; there was the risk - then managed through the concertation of measures to combat the pandemic in institutional tables - that different levels of government would have adopted different and often conflicting emergency acts and behaviours. The pandemic emergency has therefore rekindled the discussion on the true nature of the division of responsibilities between the State, Regions and local authorities in the field of health protection: the strong role acquired by the Regions has been slowed down due to this trans- national chrisis; moreover, the material area named "international prophylaxis" which until then was marginal was also brought back to the center of attention; and again, the need for a coordinated emergency response has forced new and deeper efforts of sincere cooperation between levels of government. However, the occurrence of the pandemic did not raise critical issues only from an institutional point of view: numerous findings were also made on the merits of the emergency choices, which necessarily went to compress needs and requirements that normally find very broad constitutional coverage; the basic question that many have asked themselves in this regard is how far we could go, in our constitutional system, to protect health in terms of balancing it with other rights. Therefore, with this paper, we have tried to definitively understand what are the present and future prospects of the right to health in Italy, in particular in terms of the organizational structure of our health system and the division of functions between the different levels of government.

Il diritto alla salute ricopre nella società italiana contemporanea un ruolo di primo piano, perché contraddistinto da un contenuto complesso e in continua evoluzione e perché, tra i diritti sociali, è quello che costituisce la più cospicua voce di spesa nei bilanci delle amministrazioni pubbliche. Il contenuto complesso di questo diritto deriva dalla sua caratteristica di adeguarsi a seconda dell’evoluzione del Paese: la stessa definizione di “salute” ha subito nel tempo interpretazioni continue che hanno ormai reso completamente obsoleta la sua storica definizione di “assenza di malattia”. Importante in questo continuo aggiornamento è stato anche l’apporto degli indirizzi riformatori dell’organizzazione sanitaria nazionale: la Riforma del 1978, che istituendo il Sistema sanitario nazionale ha attuato il concetto di un diritto alla salute “universale e globale” come concepito dall’art. 32 Cost.; le Riforme del 1992 e del 1999, che hanno portato all’aziendalizzazione e alla regionalizzazione del SSN, oltreché al maggiore coinvolgimento dei privati nelle attività erogative; la Riforma del Titolo V nel 2001, che ha sancito definitivamente il dualismo tra Stato e regioni in materia di “tutela della salute”, attraverso la sua collocazione tra le materie di competenza legislativa concorrente. L’attuale sistema sanitario, eredità soprattutto delle riforme susseguitesi dai primi anni ’90 ad oggi, ha però mostrato nel tempo alcune criticità, legate soprattutto alle difficoltà economiche incontrate dal sistema-Paese e sfociate in riduzioni e razionalizzazioni della spesa che hanno messo in difficoltà numerosi settori; oltre a ciò, negli ultimi anni si è consolidato il grande divario tra i diversi sistemi sanitari regionali – nonché, all’interno dello stesso SSR, tra i diversi territori – in termini di erogazione delle prestazioni e di efficienza di spesa. Tali criticità si sono peraltro acuite in occasione dell’emergenza pandemica da COVID-19, durante la quale il sistema sanitario nazionale si è ritrovato a fronteggiare una situazione inedita: è anzitutto emersa a livello mediatico una certa frizione tra i livelli di governo nazionale e regionale rispetto alla competenza ad adottare le misure emergenziali e al merito delle stesse; il rischio – poi gestito attraverso la concertazione in varie sedi delle misure di contrasto alla pandemia – era che diversi livelli di governo adottassero atti e comportamenti emergenziali diversi e spesso tra loro contrastanti. L’emergenza pandemica ha perciò rinfocolato la discussione sulla natura stessa del riparto di competenze tra Stato, Regioni ed Enti locali in materia di tutela della salute: il forte ruolo acquisito dalle Regioni ha subito un arresto di fronte a una crisi di portata addirittura trans-nazionale; è stato riportato, altresì, al centro dell’attenzione un ambito materiale come quello della “profilassi internazionale” fino ad allora marginale; e ancora, la necessità di una risposta coordinata all’emergenza ha costretto i livelli di governo a nuovi e più profondi sforzi di leale collaborazione. Il verificarsi della pandemia non ha, peraltro, sollevato criticità solamente sotto il profilo istituzionale: numerosi rilievi sono stati effettuati anche sul merito delle scelte emergenziali, che necessariamente sono andate a comprimere esigenze e bisogni che trovano di norma una copertura costituzionale amplissima; la domanda di base che molti si sono posti in merito è quanto ci si potesse spingere, nel nostro sistema costituzionale, per tutelare la salute in termini di bilanciamento con altri diritti. Ci si è posti dunque, con questo scritto, l’obiettivo di comprendere in definitiva quali siano le prospettive presenti e future del diritto alla salute in Italia, in particolare sotto il profilo dell’assetto organizzativo del nostro sistema sanitario e della divisione delle funzioni tra livelli di governo.

(2023). La sanità tra Stato, regioni ed enti locali. Profili costituzionali, organizzativi ed economico-finanziari della ripartizione di competenze tra livelli di governo in materia di tutela della salute, alla luce dell’emergenza covid-19.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

La sanità tra Stato, regioni ed enti locali. Profili costituzionali, organizzativi ed economico-finanziari della ripartizione di competenze tra livelli di governo in materia di tutela della salute, alla luce dell’emergenza covid-19.

CALABRIA, DANIELE
2023

Abstract

The right to health plays a leading role in contemporary Italian society, both because it is characterized by a complex and constantly evolving content, and because, among the social rights, it is the one that constitutes the largest item of expenditure in the budgets of public administrations. The complex content of this right derives from its inherent characteristic to adapt according to the technological, social, cultural and economic evolution of the country: the same definition of "health" has undergone continuous interpretations over time, in so much that its historical definition – “absence of disease” – has become completely obsolete. The contribution of the reforming guidelines of the national health organization was also important in this continuous updating: the 1978 Reform, which by establishing the National Health System implemented the concept of a "universal and global" right to health as conceived by the art. 32 cost.; the Reforms of 1992 and 1999, which led to the corporatization and regionalization of the NHS, as well as the greater involvement of private individuals in grant-making activities; the Reform of Title V in 2001, which definitively sanctioned the dualism between the State and the regions in the field of "health protection", through its placement among the subjects of concurrent legislative competence. The current health system, a legacy above all of the reforms that have followed one another from the early 1990s to the present, has however shown some critical issues over time, linked above all to the economic difficulties encountered by the country-system and which have resulted in reductions and rationalization of spending which have created difficulties in numerous sector; in addition to this, in recent years the great gap between the various regional health systems has consolidated - as well as, within the single SSR’s, between the various territories - in terms of performance and spending efficiency. Moreover, these critical issues were exacerbated during the pandemic COVID-19 emergency, during which the national health system has faced an unprecedented situation: first of all, a certain friction between the national and regional levels of government emerged in the media regarding the competence to adopt emergency measures and their merits; there was the risk - then managed through the concertation of measures to combat the pandemic in institutional tables - that different levels of government would have adopted different and often conflicting emergency acts and behaviours. The pandemic emergency has therefore rekindled the discussion on the true nature of the division of responsibilities between the State, Regions and local authorities in the field of health protection: the strong role acquired by the Regions has been slowed down due to this trans- national chrisis; moreover, the material area named "international prophylaxis" which until then was marginal was also brought back to the center of attention; and again, the need for a coordinated emergency response has forced new and deeper efforts of sincere cooperation between levels of government. However, the occurrence of the pandemic did not raise critical issues only from an institutional point of view: numerous findings were also made on the merits of the emergency choices, which necessarily went to compress needs and requirements that normally find very broad constitutional coverage; the basic question that many have asked themselves in this regard is how far we could go, in our constitutional system, to protect health in terms of balancing it with other rights. Therefore, with this paper, we have tried to definitively understand what are the present and future prospects of the right to health in Italy, in particular in terms of the organizational structure of our health system and the division of functions between the different levels of government.
VIGEVANI, GIULIO ENEA
FURLAN, FEDERICO
Diritto alla salute; Regione; Covid-19; Differenziazione; Articolo 32
Right to health; Region; Covid-19; Differentiation; Article 32
IUS/08 - DIRITTO COSTITUZIONALE
Italian
6-nov-2023
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). La sanità tra Stato, regioni ed enti locali. Profili costituzionali, organizzativi ed economico-finanziari della ripartizione di competenze tra livelli di governo in materia di tutela della salute, alla luce dell’emergenza covid-19.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/448459
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