Empathy and Prosocial Behaviours : insights from Intra- and Inter-species Interactions

It has been suggested that "sharing the same body" between the observer and the observed subject allows for a direct form of understanding and emotional attuning by a process of simulation. Then, what happens when we don't share the same body? The aim of the present paper is to review available evidence of intra-and inter-species empathic and prosocial behaviours, with respect to within-human, within-animals and cross-specifies interactions. Similarities and differences will be evaluated using a comparative perspective, and some possible moral and ethical implications for human-animal interactions will be discussed. According to Charles Darwin's work, the perceived differences between human and animal empathy could be more quantitative than qualitative, suggesting a common affective core which allows both categories to mirror and tune to conspecifics' feelings, where in the case of humans it can be integrated with more complex cognitive processes.