Prosopagnosia is a diffuse deficit both in its acquired and developmental forms. However, no unitary protocols for its rehabilitation have been developed yet. Thus, a systematic review of the literature on the topic (Study 1) has been performed to understand the state of the art of rehabilitation of object agnosia and prosopagnosia. Results regarding developmental and acquired prosopagnosia, reveal that treatments involving holistic perceptual processing of faces are the most effective and can be generalized to new views and perspectives of faces. However, few papers were obtained and new studies addressing the topic are required. This might be due to the scarce clarity about the mechanisms subserving face processing. Thus, we decided to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms subserving face recognition. First, we wanted to shed light on the relationship between facial expression and identity processing. The aim of study 2 was that of assessing whether there is a relation between individual face recognition abilities and facial expression processing. Indeed, according to models of face recognition, we recognize faces through two partially independent systems which process respectively, facial features and facial expressions. Based on that, we expected expressions, even when non-emotional to aid identity recognition. Results of study 2 showed that when the system used to elaborate facial identity is deficient, dynamic facial expressions, even when non-emotional, help recognition. Study 3 aimed at deepening our understanding of the neural bases subserving the relation between facial expression and identity processing. To do so, we stimulated STS, preSMA and a Sham area with repetitive TMS while administering a task of identity matching of faces encoded through non-emotional facial expressions, rigid head movement or as neutral. Results of the Sham condition replicate findings from study 2 confirming that expressions, even when non-emotional, aid recognition in poor recognizers. Moreover, both preSMA and STS were implicated in identity processing: preSMA stimulation caused increased recognition of faces encoded as neutral while STS stimulation caused increased recognition of faces encoded through a facial expression. To further explore the relation between expressions and identity recognition, Study 4 investigated Parkinson’s Disease patients. Those patients are known to have reduced expression simulation and gave us a chance to study the role of expression simulation for identity recognition. Results reveal that PD patients do not show difficulties in recognizing static non-emotional facial expressions compared to Healthy Controls. Moreover, they do not show deficits in the recognition of identities of faces encoded through a dynamic non-emotional expression. These results hint at a reduced role of facial mimicry of expressions in facial identity processing, at least when is subserved by subcortical structures as in PD. Eventually, Study 5 was aimed at deepening our understanding of face recognition processes in patients with a lesion to the Posterior Cerebral Artery compared to healthy controls. Results of Study 5 reveal that face processing can be dissociated from mid-level perception and object perception. Besides, within face processing, it is possible to dissociate between different functions, such as perception and memory or matching and discriminating. Eventually, we were able to diagnose three of those patients with acquired prosopagnosia. Results of study 5 tell us that face processing is a complex function subserved by multiple overlapping systems, as shown by the frequent association between deficits; those systems are also at least partially separated from one another, as shown by the few observed classical dissociations. The obtained results are of theoretical and clinical interest suggesting potential developments both for cognitive models and rehabilitative studies.

La prosopagnosia è un disturbo diffuso sia nella sua forma congenita che acquisita. Tuttavia, non esistono ancora protocolli unitari per la sua riabilitazione. Di consequenza, nello studio 1 è stata svolta una revisione sistematica della letteratura per avere una panoramica sugli studi esistenti sulla riabilitazione dell’agnosia per gli oggetti e della prosopagnosia. I risultati riguardanti la prosopagnosia mostrano che trattamenti basati su un’elaborazione olistica dei volti sono più efficaci e vengono generalizzati a nuove prospettive dei volti. Tuttavia, esistono pochi articoli sull’argomento ed è necessario sviluppare nuovi studi. Questo potrebbe essere dovuto alla poca chiarezza sui meccanismi di elaborazione dei volti. Per questo motivo, abbiamo deciso di approfondirli. Innanzitutto, abbiamo indagato la relazione tra espressioni facciali e riconoscimento di identità. L’obiettivo dello studio 2 era quello di indagare se c’è una relazione tra le abilità di riconoscimento individuali e l’elaborazione di espressioni facciali. Gli attuali modelli di riconoscimento volti postulano che elaboriamo i volti tramite due sistemi separati in interazione: uno elabora le caratteristiche del volto e l’altro le espressioni facciali. Di conseguenza, nello studio 2 ci aspettavamo di osservare una facilitazione delle espressioni sul riconoscimento di identità. I risultati confermano che espressioni facciali dinamiche non emotive aiutano nel riconoscimento di identità, ma solamente in chi ha delle scarse abilità di riconoscimento volti. L’obiettivo dello studio 3 era quello di approfondire le basi neurali di questa relazione. Per farlo, abbiamo stimolato STS, preSMA e un’area Sham con la TMS mentre i partecipanti dovevano riconoscere volti codificati tramite espressioni facciali dinamiche non emotive, un movimento rigido o come neutri. I risultati ottenuti nella condizione sham replicano quelli ottenuti nello studio 2: espressioni facciali non emotive aiutano il riconoscimento di identità in scarsi riconoscitori. Inoltre, sia preSMA che STS si sono dimostrate implicate nel riconoscimento di identità dei volti: la stimolazione di preSMA ha causato un miglioramento nel riconoscimento di volti codificati come neutri, mentre la stimolazione di STS ha causato un miglioramento nel riconoscimento di volti codificati con espressione facciale. Per approfondire ulteriormente la relazione tra riconoscimento identità e espressioni, nello studio 4 abbiamo indagato queste abilità in pazienti con Malattia Di Parkinson, conosciuti per avere una ridotta capacità di simulare le espressioni. I risultati rivelano che pazienti con MDP non hanno difficoltà nel riconoscimento di espressioni facciali non emotive né nel riconoscimento di identità mediate da espressioni facciali non emotive. Questi risultati suggeriscono un ruolo ridotto della mimica facciale nel riconoscimento di identità, almeno quando mediato da strutture sottocorticali come nella MDP. Infine, lo studio 5 si poneva come obiettivo quello di studiare il riconoscimento volti in pazienti con lesione all’arteria cerebrale posteriore. I risultati rivelano che l’elaborazione dei volti può essere dissociata da funzioni percettive di medio livello e dall’elaborazione di oggetti. Inoltre, la memoria per i volti può essere dissociata dalla percezione dei volti, così come il loro matching può essere dissociato dalla loro discriminazione. Inoltre, tre di questi pazienti sono stati diagnosticati come prosopagnosici acquisiti. Dunque, l’elaborazione di volti è una funzione complessa mediata da diversi sistemi sovrapposti, come dimostrato dalle frequenti associazioni tra deficit. Tuttavia, questi sistemi sono anche almeno parzialmente separati come dimostrato dalle dissociazioni classiche osservate.

(2023). OUR IDENTITY IS ALSO IN OUR MOVEMENTS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACE RECOGNITION. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

OUR IDENTITY IS ALSO IN OUR MOVEMENTS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACE RECOGNITION

GOBBO, SILVIA
2023

Abstract

Prosopagnosia is a diffuse deficit both in its acquired and developmental forms. However, no unitary protocols for its rehabilitation have been developed yet. Thus, a systematic review of the literature on the topic (Study 1) has been performed to understand the state of the art of rehabilitation of object agnosia and prosopagnosia. Results regarding developmental and acquired prosopagnosia, reveal that treatments involving holistic perceptual processing of faces are the most effective and can be generalized to new views and perspectives of faces. However, few papers were obtained and new studies addressing the topic are required. This might be due to the scarce clarity about the mechanisms subserving face processing. Thus, we decided to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms subserving face recognition. First, we wanted to shed light on the relationship between facial expression and identity processing. The aim of study 2 was that of assessing whether there is a relation between individual face recognition abilities and facial expression processing. Indeed, according to models of face recognition, we recognize faces through two partially independent systems which process respectively, facial features and facial expressions. Based on that, we expected expressions, even when non-emotional to aid identity recognition. Results of study 2 showed that when the system used to elaborate facial identity is deficient, dynamic facial expressions, even when non-emotional, help recognition. Study 3 aimed at deepening our understanding of the neural bases subserving the relation between facial expression and identity processing. To do so, we stimulated STS, preSMA and a Sham area with repetitive TMS while administering a task of identity matching of faces encoded through non-emotional facial expressions, rigid head movement or as neutral. Results of the Sham condition replicate findings from study 2 confirming that expressions, even when non-emotional, aid recognition in poor recognizers. Moreover, both preSMA and STS were implicated in identity processing: preSMA stimulation caused increased recognition of faces encoded as neutral while STS stimulation caused increased recognition of faces encoded through a facial expression. To further explore the relation between expressions and identity recognition, Study 4 investigated Parkinson’s Disease patients. Those patients are known to have reduced expression simulation and gave us a chance to study the role of expression simulation for identity recognition. Results reveal that PD patients do not show difficulties in recognizing static non-emotional facial expressions compared to Healthy Controls. Moreover, they do not show deficits in the recognition of identities of faces encoded through a dynamic non-emotional expression. These results hint at a reduced role of facial mimicry of expressions in facial identity processing, at least when is subserved by subcortical structures as in PD. Eventually, Study 5 was aimed at deepening our understanding of face recognition processes in patients with a lesion to the Posterior Cerebral Artery compared to healthy controls. Results of Study 5 reveal that face processing can be dissociated from mid-level perception and object perception. Besides, within face processing, it is possible to dissociate between different functions, such as perception and memory or matching and discriminating. Eventually, we were able to diagnose three of those patients with acquired prosopagnosia. Results of study 5 tell us that face processing is a complex function subserved by multiple overlapping systems, as shown by the frequent association between deficits; those systems are also at least partially separated from one another, as shown by the few observed classical dissociations. The obtained results are of theoretical and clinical interest suggesting potential developments both for cognitive models and rehabilitative studies.
DAINI, ROBERTA
prosopagnosia; elaborazione volti; espressioni facciali; riabilitazione; riconoscimento volti
prosopagnosia; face processing; facial expressions; rehabilitation; face recognition
M-PSI/02 - PSICOBIOLOGIA E PSICOLOGIA FISIOLOGICA
English
16-mag-2023
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). OUR IDENTITY IS ALSO IN OUR MOVEMENTS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACE RECOGNITION. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/415697
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