Epitactic magnetite growth in fluid inclusions as driving force for olivine oxidation coupled with hydrogen production at high pressure

We disclose the crystallisation evolution of magnetite-bearing multiphase inclusions hosted in metamorphic olivine of harzburgites from the Cerro de Almirez (Betic Cordillera, Spain), which have been interpreted as final products of the trapping of the aqueous fluid produced by the subduction-zone dehydration of former serpentinites. The chemical exchange between inclusion fluid and olivine started soon after entrapment, at peak P-T conditions of 1.6–1.9 GPa and 650–700 °C, and continued during cooling along the retrograde path, with the coexistence of olivine and magnetite with orthopyroxene, chlorite, talc, antigorite and the destabilisation of olivine and antigorite into brucite and low-temperature chrysotile serpentine, as recognised by Raman analyses. Thermodynamic modelling and mass balance calculations demonstrate that the water component of fluid trapped in the inclusions of metamorphic olivine is expected to trigger the oxidation of the fayalite component in olivine, producing a mineral assemblage made of magnetite + orthopyroxene and molecular hydrogen, where the elemental redox processes are Fe2+ of olivine that oxidizes to Fe3+ and H+ of water that reduces to H2. Probable H2 trapped in the olivine host close to the inclusion wall has been detected by Raman spectroscopy. To corroborate its presence, we performed quantitative mass spectrometry analyses of the fluid phase trapped in the multiphase inclusions and of the olivine crystals hosting the inclusions, revealing that 1 kg of olivine matrix contains 6.2 ± 0.1 mmol of H2. We identify two synergistic driving forces of the whole process, which has the peculiarity to produce molecular hydrogen at apparently oxidising conditions: i) the building up of an epitaxial interface between olivine and magnetite, and ii) the olivine ability to trap H2 at high pressures. The olivine + H2O system of these natural microreactors simulates a process of oxidation of the mantle olivine by water, with production of H2 at pressure and fO2 conditions (FMQ + 2) at which water reduction is considered an unlike mechanism.