The doctoral thesis consists of three parts. The first part of the thesis analyses the historical and cultural context in which the Basaglia law came about (anti-psychiatry, 1968 protest, biopolitics and philosophies of social control). There is also a detailed analysis of a strictly legal nature of the issue of compulsory medical treatment: at a constitutional level, the theme of personal freedom (art. 13 of the Constitution), the right to health (art. 32 of the Constitution) and the relationship that, over time, doctrine has deemed it’s possible to establish between the two aforementioned articles are addressed, while, at the level of primary legislation, the laws that, in the 20th century, have governed the subject of medical-psychiatric treatment are analysed (from the 1904 asylum law to the 1978 Basaglia law). The various doctrinal opinions and the most relevant jurisprudential pronouncements on the legislation in question are also collected and analysed. The broader theme of “informed consent'” to health treatments is also addressed, with references to the most recent bioethical theories. In the second part of the thesis, on the other hand, the Basaglia law is examined from the point of view of its application. On the basis of the quantitative analysis of the official data communicated by the Ministry of Health, the thesis of the constitutionalisation of psychiatric practice in our country is contested and, conversely, it is noted how one can conclude in the sense of a tendency towards the progressive “re-institutionalisation” of the psychiatric patient in the so-called Residential Structures, in which the psychiatric patient is being treated in the psychiatric system. Residential Structures, to be considered, in some cases, inspired by merely custodialist logics of a neo-manicomialist nature. The examination of the quantitative data on the multi-year duration of admissions to residential structures is accompanied by an analysis of the “new” legal institutions created, by way of interpretation, by the massive intervention of the Regions in the healthcare field (TSOE, so-called “punctiform” TSO), an intervention resulting from the reform of Title V of our Constitution. In the direction of “re-institutionalisation”, there are also the interpretations, which have been imposed in practice, of the functions of the support administrator and of the so-called position of guarantee of healthcare workers, phenomena of juridical and social significance to which a specific part of the doctoral thesis is dedicated. The third part of the thesis concerns the Recovery paradigm, i.e. a medical-psychiatric paradigm that opposes the “re-institutionalisation” of the psychiatric patient. This part of the thesis analyses the legal instruments, already present in our legal system, that can facilitate the so-called “Recovery” from mental illness: on the one hand, the DAT (advance treatment dispositions) in psychiatry (otherwise known as PAD, Psychiatric advance directives), as a tool both to deal in an agreed way between doctor and patient with the “crises” and states of acuity of the pathology and to manage a progressive de-institutionalisation of the patient from Residential Structures; on the other hand, the participation of the community (and, in this case, of the municipalities) in the individualised projects of social reintegration of the psychiatric patient (PIV or individual life projects, health budget, etc. ).
La tesi di dottorato è composta di tre parti. Nella prima parte della tesi viene analizzato il contesto storico-culturale nel quale è maturata la legge Basaglia (antipsichiatria, contestazione sessantottina, biopolitica e filosofie del controllo sociale). È inoltre presente una dettagliata analisi di carattere strettamente giuridico della problematica dei trattamenti sanitari obbligatori: a livello costituzionale si affronta il tema della libertà personale (art. 13 Cost.), del diritto alla salute (art. 32 Cos.) e del rapporto che, nel tempo, la dottrina ha ritenuto di poter instaurare tra i due articoli summenzionati, mentre, a livello di normazione primaria, si analizzano le leggi che, nel ‘900, hanno governato la materia del trattamento medico-psichiatrico (dalla legge manicomiale del 1904 fino alla legge Basaglia del 1978). Sono altresì raccolte e analizzate le varie opinioni dottrinali e le pronunce giurisprudenziali più rilevanti sulla normativa in questione. Si affronta, inoltre, anche il tema più ampio del “consenso informato” ai trattamenti sanitari, con riferimenti alle più recenti teorie bioetiche. Nella seconda parte della tesi, invece, la legge Basaglia viene esaminata dal punto di vista applicativo. Sulla base dell’analisi quantitativa dei dati ufficiali comunicati dal Ministero della Salute, si contesta la tesi dell’avvenuta costituzionalizzazione della pratica psichiatrica nel nostro Paese e si rileva come, per converso, si possa concludere nel senso di una tendenza alla progressiva “re-istituzionalizzazione” del paziente psichiatrico nelle cd. Strutture Residenziali (SR), da considerarsi, in alcuni casi, ispirate a logiche meramente custodialistiche di carattere neo-manicomiale. L’esame dei dati quantitativi sulla durata pluriennale dei ricoveri in SR è accompagnato dall’analisi dei “nuovi” istituti giuridici creati, in via interpretativa, dall’intervento massiccio delle Regioni in ambito sanitario (TSOE, TSO cd. “puntiforme”), intervento conseguente alla riforma del Titolo V della nostra Costituzione. Nella direzione della “re-istituzionalizzazione” agiscono, inoltre, le interpretazioni, che si sono imposte nella prassi, delle funzioni dell’amministratore di sostegno e della cd. posizione di garanzia degli operatori sanitari, fenomeni di valenza giuridica e sociale ai quali viene dedicata una parte specifica della tesi di dottorato. La terza parte della tesi riguarda il paradigma della Recovery, cioè un paradigma medico-psichiatrico che si contrappone alla “re-istituzionalizzazione” del paziente psichiatrico. In tale parte della tesi si analizzano gli strumenti giuridici, già presenti nel nostro ordinamento, che possono agevolare la cd. Recovery dalla malattia mentale: da un lato, le DAT (disposizioni anticipate di trattamento) in psichiatria (altrimenti dette PAD, Psychiatric advance directives), come strumento sia per affrontare in modo concordato tra medico e paziente le “crisi” e gli stati di acuzie della patologia che per gestire una progressiva deistituzionalizzazione del paziente dalle Strutture Residenziali; dall’altro, la partecipazione della comunità (e, nella fattispecie, dei Comuni) nei progetti individualizzati di reinserimento sociale del paziente psichiatrico (PIV o progetti individuali di vita, budget di salute, etc.).
(2023). Il trattamento medico-psichiatrico alla luce della Costituzione, dei principi del diritto e della bioetica. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
Il trattamento medico-psichiatrico alla luce della Costituzione, dei principi del diritto e della bioetica
DALY, ENRICO
2023
Abstract
The doctoral thesis consists of three parts. The first part of the thesis analyses the historical and cultural context in which the Basaglia law came about (anti-psychiatry, 1968 protest, biopolitics and philosophies of social control). There is also a detailed analysis of a strictly legal nature of the issue of compulsory medical treatment: at a constitutional level, the theme of personal freedom (art. 13 of the Constitution), the right to health (art. 32 of the Constitution) and the relationship that, over time, doctrine has deemed it’s possible to establish between the two aforementioned articles are addressed, while, at the level of primary legislation, the laws that, in the 20th century, have governed the subject of medical-psychiatric treatment are analysed (from the 1904 asylum law to the 1978 Basaglia law). The various doctrinal opinions and the most relevant jurisprudential pronouncements on the legislation in question are also collected and analysed. The broader theme of “informed consent'” to health treatments is also addressed, with references to the most recent bioethical theories. In the second part of the thesis, on the other hand, the Basaglia law is examined from the point of view of its application. On the basis of the quantitative analysis of the official data communicated by the Ministry of Health, the thesis of the constitutionalisation of psychiatric practice in our country is contested and, conversely, it is noted how one can conclude in the sense of a tendency towards the progressive “re-institutionalisation” of the psychiatric patient in the so-called Residential Structures, in which the psychiatric patient is being treated in the psychiatric system. Residential Structures, to be considered, in some cases, inspired by merely custodialist logics of a neo-manicomialist nature. The examination of the quantitative data on the multi-year duration of admissions to residential structures is accompanied by an analysis of the “new” legal institutions created, by way of interpretation, by the massive intervention of the Regions in the healthcare field (TSOE, so-called “punctiform” TSO), an intervention resulting from the reform of Title V of our Constitution. In the direction of “re-institutionalisation”, there are also the interpretations, which have been imposed in practice, of the functions of the support administrator and of the so-called position of guarantee of healthcare workers, phenomena of juridical and social significance to which a specific part of the doctoral thesis is dedicated. The third part of the thesis concerns the Recovery paradigm, i.e. a medical-psychiatric paradigm that opposes the “re-institutionalisation” of the psychiatric patient. This part of the thesis analyses the legal instruments, already present in our legal system, that can facilitate the so-called “Recovery” from mental illness: on the one hand, the DAT (advance treatment dispositions) in psychiatry (otherwise known as PAD, Psychiatric advance directives), as a tool both to deal in an agreed way between doctor and patient with the “crises” and states of acuity of the pathology and to manage a progressive de-institutionalisation of the patient from Residential Structures; on the other hand, the participation of the community (and, in this case, of the municipalities) in the individualised projects of social reintegration of the psychiatric patient (PIV or individual life projects, health budget, etc. ).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Il trattamento medico-psichiatrico alla luce della Costituzione, dei principi del diritto e della bioetica
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Doctoral thesis
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