Myeloid malignancies are a group of diseases characterized by a common myeloid clonal origin. In every single group of these diseases the clinical course is heterogeneous difficult to predict, particularly for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and for Myelofibrosis (MF). Recently, the identification of molecular mutations by high throughput sequencing (NGS) has dramatically improved our knowledge of AML and MF molecular genetics and shed new light on the prognostic significance gene mutations. My PhD activity aimed to better define the role of genes alterations to predict the clinical course of the diseases and guide therapeutic strategies. In this context, we defined the mutational profile in a cohort of 221 normal karyotype (NK) AML enrolled into a prospective randomized clinical trial. In this cohort ok NK-AML, by multivariate analysis, the achievement of complete remission was negatively affected by the SRSF2 mutation. Alterations of FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) and U2AF1 were associated with a worse overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p < 0.05). FLT3-ITD positive patients who underwent alloHSCT had a survival probability similar to FLT3-ITD negative. Moreover, aiming to implement the definition of secondary AML, we analyzed a prospective cohort of 413 AML patients focusing on a chromatin-spliceosome (CS) mutational signature. CS mutations were identified in 17.6% of clinically defined de novo cases, showing clinical characteristics closer to sAML. Clinical outcomes in this group were adverse and comparable to those of sAML patients. AlloHSCT improved outcomes in both sAML and CS-AML patients. These data support a molecular definition of sAML, with implications for optimized treatment. Furthermore, we evaluated the post alloHSCT outcome of MF patients enrolled into a multicentric perspective clinical trial. NGS allowed us to classify patients by MIPSS scoring systems, which also consider the prognostic value of HMR mutations, obtaining that the great part of them resulted high/very high. The presence of HRM found in MF patients, as well as MIPSS classification did not impact on their OS or PFS. These results suggest that alloHSCT may overcome the poor prognosis associated to these features. However, some other biologic characteristics seemed to affect non relapse mortality, probability to relapse (CIR) and engraftment. Indeed, the presence of JAK2V617F mutation with VAF>50% was associated with an increased risk of CIR while a JAK2V617 VAF<50% was associated with a delayed engraftment. NGS application for myeloid malignancies characterization led to a significant improvement of our knowledge of these diseases and results extremely useful to guide treatment choice.

Le neoplasie mieloidi sono un gruppo di malattie caratterizzate da un'origine clonale mieloide comune. In ogni singolo gruppo di queste malattie il decorso clinico è eterogeneo e difficile da prevedere, in particolare per la Leucemia Mieloide Acuta (LMA) e per la Mielofibrosi (MF). Recentemente, l'identificazione di mutazioni molecolari mediante sequenziamento ad alto rendimento (NGS) ha notevolmente migliorato la nostra conoscenza della genetica molecolare di LAM e MF e ha messo in evidenza le mutazioni geniche e il loro significato prognostico. La mia attività di dottorato mirava a definire meglio il ruolo delle alterazioni geniche nel predire il decorso clinico delle malattie e guidare le strategie terapeutiche. In questo contesto, abbiamo definito il profilo mutazionale in una coorte di 221 LAM a cariotipo normale (NK) arruolate in uno studio clinico prospettico randomizzato. In questa coorte di NK-LAM, mediante analisi multivariata, il raggiungimento della remissione completa è stato influenzato negativamente dalla mutazione SRSF2. Le alterazioni di FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) e U2AF1 erano associate a un peggioramento della sopravvivenza globale (OS) e della sopravvivenza libera da malattia (DFS) (p <0,05). I pazienti positivi per FLT3-ITD sottoposti a alloHSCT avevano una probabilità di sopravvivenza simile a quella negativa per FLT3-ITD. Inoltre, con l'obiettivo di implementare la definizione di AML secondaria, abbiamo analizzato una coorte prospettica di 413 pazienti con AML concentrandoci su una signature mutazionale cromatina-spliceosoma (CS). Le mutazioni CS sono state identificate nel 17,6% dei casi de novo clinicamente definiti, mostrando caratteristiche cliniche più vicine alla sAML. Gli esiti clinici in questo gruppo erano avversi e paragonabili a quelli dei pazienti con sAML. AlloHSCT ha migliorato i risultati sia nei pazienti sAML che CS-AML. Questi dati supportano una definizione molecolare di sAML, con implicazioni per un trattamento ottimizzato. Inoltre, abbiamo valutato l'esito post alloHSCT dei pazienti con MF arruolati in uno studio clinico in prospettiva multicentrica. La NGS ha consentito di classificare i pazienti mediante score MIPSS, che considerano anche il valore prognostico delle mutazioni ad alto rischio (HMR,) ottenendo che la maggior parte di esse risultava alta/molto alta. La presenza di HRM riscontrata nei pazienti con MF, così come la classificazione MIPSS non ha avuto alcun impatto sulla loro OS o PFS. Questi risultati suggeriscono che l’alloHSCT può superare la prognosi sfavorevole associata a queste caratteristiche. Tuttavia, alcune altre caratteristiche biologiche sembravano influenzare la mortalità non correlata alla recidiva, la probabilità di recidiva (CIR) e l'attecchimento. Infatti, la presenza della mutazione JAK2V617F con VAF>50% era associata ad un aumentato rischio di CIR mentre una VAF JAK2V617 <50% era associata a un attecchimento ritardato. L'applicazione NGS per la caratterizzazione delle neoplasie mieloidi ha portato a un miglioramento significativo della nostra conoscenza di queste malattie e risultati estremamente utili per guidare la scelta del trattamento.

(2023). Molecular Genetics of Myeloid Malignancies Drives Modern Treatment Options. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Molecular Genetics of Myeloid Malignancies Drives Modern Treatment Options

SALMOIRAGHI, SILVIA
2023

Abstract

Myeloid malignancies are a group of diseases characterized by a common myeloid clonal origin. In every single group of these diseases the clinical course is heterogeneous difficult to predict, particularly for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and for Myelofibrosis (MF). Recently, the identification of molecular mutations by high throughput sequencing (NGS) has dramatically improved our knowledge of AML and MF molecular genetics and shed new light on the prognostic significance gene mutations. My PhD activity aimed to better define the role of genes alterations to predict the clinical course of the diseases and guide therapeutic strategies. In this context, we defined the mutational profile in a cohort of 221 normal karyotype (NK) AML enrolled into a prospective randomized clinical trial. In this cohort ok NK-AML, by multivariate analysis, the achievement of complete remission was negatively affected by the SRSF2 mutation. Alterations of FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) and U2AF1 were associated with a worse overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p < 0.05). FLT3-ITD positive patients who underwent alloHSCT had a survival probability similar to FLT3-ITD negative. Moreover, aiming to implement the definition of secondary AML, we analyzed a prospective cohort of 413 AML patients focusing on a chromatin-spliceosome (CS) mutational signature. CS mutations were identified in 17.6% of clinically defined de novo cases, showing clinical characteristics closer to sAML. Clinical outcomes in this group were adverse and comparable to those of sAML patients. AlloHSCT improved outcomes in both sAML and CS-AML patients. These data support a molecular definition of sAML, with implications for optimized treatment. Furthermore, we evaluated the post alloHSCT outcome of MF patients enrolled into a multicentric perspective clinical trial. NGS allowed us to classify patients by MIPSS scoring systems, which also consider the prognostic value of HMR mutations, obtaining that the great part of them resulted high/very high. The presence of HRM found in MF patients, as well as MIPSS classification did not impact on their OS or PFS. These results suggest that alloHSCT may overcome the poor prognosis associated to these features. However, some other biologic characteristics seemed to affect non relapse mortality, probability to relapse (CIR) and engraftment. Indeed, the presence of JAK2V617F mutation with VAF>50% was associated with an increased risk of CIR while a JAK2V617 VAF<50% was associated with a delayed engraftment. NGS application for myeloid malignancies characterization led to a significant improvement of our knowledge of these diseases and results extremely useful to guide treatment choice.
INTRONA, MARTINO
Neoplasie mieloidi; NGS; Fattori prognostici; HCT; Profilo molecolare
Myeloid neoplasms; NGS; Prognostic factors; HCT; Molecular profile
MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
English
27-feb-2023
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). Molecular Genetics of Myeloid Malignancies Drives Modern Treatment Options. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/405200
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