Celiac Disease (CeD) is a multifactorial autoimmune enteropathy, which develops in subjects carrying the genetic polymorphisms HLA-DQ2/DQ8 who introduce gluten with their diet. Even if this genetic background is defined as necessary, it is diffused in about 30% of the population, and the other identified gene variants account only for 50% of the total predisposition. At the same time, CeD incidence is increasing, suggesting the involvement of other environmental factors that could worsen the immune response to gluten in predisposed subjects. In this thesis, two main features were tackled: the potential influence of food nanoparticles as additional environmental factors which could increase the immune reaction towards gluten, and the involvement of epigenetics, in particular of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in the regulation of CeD immune pathways. Metallic food nanoparticles (mNPs) could aggregate with digested gliadin, inducing cytokine production in intestinal biopsies of CeD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD) and causing rearrangements in the tight junctions and an increased permeability in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, lncRNAs were deregulated in biopsies of CeD patients at diagnosis, suggesting their involvement in CeD pathogenesis. Among these transcripts, NEAT1 increased upon gliadin exposure ex vivo and in vitro, process mediated by the induction of the IL-15/STAT3 axis. Finally, NEAT1 can regulate many downstream targets, and RNAseq data obtained in NEAT1-knockdown intestinal epithelial cell model pointed out its involvement in pathways also linked to CeD pathogenesis. These studies show how CeD pathogenesis could be affected by external factors, such as mNPs contained in food that induced an increased response to gluten, and propose lncRNAs, particularly NEAT1, as regulatory factors involved in CeD immunity and pathogenesis.
La malattia celiaca è un’enteropatia multifattoriale a base autoimmune, che si sviluppa in soggetti portatori dei polimorfismi genetici HLA-DQ2/DQ8, che introducono il glutine con la dieta. Anche se per definizione questo background genetico è necessario, è anche diffuso nel 30% della popolazione generale, e le altre varianti geniche finora identificate sono responsabili solo per il 50% della predisposizione totale. Allo stesso tempo, l’incidenza della celiachia sta aumentando, suggerendo il coinvolgimento di altri fattori ambientali che potrebbero peggiorare la risposta immunitaria al glutine in soggetti predisposti. In questa tesi, sono stati affrontati due aspetti principali: l’influenza delle nanoparticelle alimentari come potenziali fattori ambientali aggiuntivi, che potrebbero aumentare la reazione immunitaria verso il glutine, e il coinvolgimento dell’epigenetica, in particolare dei long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), nella regolazione di pathway immunitari nella celiachia. È stato osservato che le nanoparticelle alimentari metalliche (mNPs) possono aggregare con la gliadina digerita, inducendo la produzione di citochine in biopsie intestinali di pazienti celiaci a dieta priva di glutine, causando riarrangiamenti nelle giunzioni strette e un’aumentata permeabilità in un modello in vitro di barriera intestinale epiteliale. Inoltre, l’espressione di lncRNAs è disregolata in biopsie di pazienti celiaci alla diagnosi, suggerendo il loro coinvolgimento nella patogenesi della celiachia. Tra questi trascritti, NEAT1 aumenta in risposta alla gliadina ex vivo ed in vitro, processo mediato dall’induzione dell’asse IL15/STAT3. Infine, NEAT1 può regolare diversi target a valle, e i dati di RNAseq ottenuti in un modello cellulare di epitelio intestinale in cui è stato indotto un knockdown di NEAT1 indicano il suo coinvolgimento in pathways coinvolti anche nella patogenesi della celiachia. Questi studi mostrano come la patogenesi della celiachia può essere influenzata da fattori esterni, come le mNPs alimentari, che possono indurre una maggiore risposta verso il glutine, e propongono i lncRNAs, in particolare NEAT1, come fattori regolatori coinvolti nell’immunità e patogenesi della celiachia.
(2023). IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMMUNE REGULATION IN CELIAC DISEASE. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMMUNE REGULATION IN CELIAC DISEASE
GNODI, ELISA
2023
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CeD) is a multifactorial autoimmune enteropathy, which develops in subjects carrying the genetic polymorphisms HLA-DQ2/DQ8 who introduce gluten with their diet. Even if this genetic background is defined as necessary, it is diffused in about 30% of the population, and the other identified gene variants account only for 50% of the total predisposition. At the same time, CeD incidence is increasing, suggesting the involvement of other environmental factors that could worsen the immune response to gluten in predisposed subjects. In this thesis, two main features were tackled: the potential influence of food nanoparticles as additional environmental factors which could increase the immune reaction towards gluten, and the involvement of epigenetics, in particular of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in the regulation of CeD immune pathways. Metallic food nanoparticles (mNPs) could aggregate with digested gliadin, inducing cytokine production in intestinal biopsies of CeD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD) and causing rearrangements in the tight junctions and an increased permeability in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, lncRNAs were deregulated in biopsies of CeD patients at diagnosis, suggesting their involvement in CeD pathogenesis. Among these transcripts, NEAT1 increased upon gliadin exposure ex vivo and in vitro, process mediated by the induction of the IL-15/STAT3 axis. Finally, NEAT1 can regulate many downstream targets, and RNAseq data obtained in NEAT1-knockdown intestinal epithelial cell model pointed out its involvement in pathways also linked to CeD pathogenesis. These studies show how CeD pathogenesis could be affected by external factors, such as mNPs contained in food that induced an increased response to gluten, and propose lncRNAs, particularly NEAT1, as regulatory factors involved in CeD immunity and pathogenesis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_822553.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di Gnodi Elisa - 822553
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