Background: Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) is diagnosed with cognitive tests and adaptive behaviour evaluations. There is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders comorbid with IDD, including papers on the relationship between adaptive behaviour and psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric comorbidities are often under-estimated, but as challenging behaviour is commonly present, they are over-medicated. The relationship between specific cognitive dysfunctions and psychiatric vulnerability has still not been adequately studied in cases of IDD, despite increasing evidence of common neurodevelopmental alterations and high co-occurrence. The concept that a specific cognitive dysfunction underlies a specific psychiatric disorder may facilitate understanding the connection between cognitive alterations and psychopathological vulnerability, and may provide the basis for a paradigm shift from “intellectually below average IQ” to “neuropsychological characterization”. Aims: The objective of this research was to reassess a clinical sample of IDD in cognitive profile, adaptive functioning and psychiatric comorbidities and investigating the correlation between specific cognitive dysfunctions and patterns and the presence of specific psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in IDD. 120 individuals with IDD from 3 Italian residential facilities were consecutively evaluated from June 2021 to August 2022. They were divided into two groups on the basis of a previous clinical evaluation by expert clinicians: the first group, with more intellectual resources, was evaluated using WAIS-IV or Leiter-3 scales, and a neuropsychological battery using the TMT, Stroop and TOL tests, after which a professional caregiver did individual interviews with them using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II, SPAIDD-G, and STA-DI to evaluate their adaptive behaviour, psychiatric comorbidities and presence of ASD. The second group, composed of individuals with more severe IDD, was evaluated only with professional caregiver assessment tools. The data statistical processing was predominantly calculation of frequency and correlation indexes. Results: The sample was composed of 90 males and 30 females, mean age 57 years, institutionalized for a mean period of 36.44 years. 52% had no education, 19% a middle school diploma. IDD diagnoses: borderline 3%, mild 16%, moderate 11%, moderate-severe 4%, severe 59%, profound 0%. From the medical records, 11% had a comorbid ASD diagnosis, but with diagnostic ASD (STA-DI) re-assessment this increased to 29%. 38% had challenging behaviour; 89% presented physical comorbidities, 58% psychiatric comorbidities, 56% psychoses. The diagnostic re-assessment for psychiatric comorbidities (SPAIDD-G) identified a significant number of disorders and revealed that despite the medical records showed a low prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses, a consistent quantity of psychotropic drugs had been prescribed, possibly reflecting the real prevalence of psychopathology revealed here by the SPAIDD-G tool but not adequately recognized in clinical routine and/or misinterpreted as challenging behaviour. Pearson correlations between cognitive tests and psychopathological items present significative findings. Discussion and Conclusions: In conclusion, the SPAIDD-G evaluations revealed a greater prevalence of psychopathology than reported in the medical records. This finding supports the importance of using psychopathological screening tools to improve the diagnostic process in residential facilities for IDD cases, which would consequently improve the psychopharmacological therapies. They also revealed the need to further investigate the correlation between cognitive dysfunctions and psychopathological vulnerability, studying intelligence as a multi-component model and identifying specific behavioural and cognitive phenotypes in IDD cases.
Background Il Disturbo dello Sviluppo Intellettivo (DSI) viene diagnosticato con test cognitivi e valutazioni del comportamento adattivo. Numerosi studi attestano un'elevata prevalenza di disturbi psichiatrici in comorbilità con DSI. Le comorbidità psichiatriche sono spesso sottostimate, ma poiché i comportamenti problema sono spesso presenti, sono sovra-medicate. La relazione tra specifiche disfunzioni cognitive e vulnerabilità psichiatrica non è stata ancora adeguatamente studiata nei casi di DSI, nonostante l'evidenza crescente di comuni alterazioni del neurosviluppo e un'elevata co-occorrenza. Il concetto che una specifica disfunzione cognitiva sia alla base di uno specifico disturbo psichiatrico può facilitare la comprensione della connessione tra alterazioni cognitive e vulnerabilità psicopatologica e può promuovere una maggiore accettazione delle disabilità intellettive e di altri disturbi del neurosviluppo, fornendo le basi per un cambio di paradigma da "QI al di sotto della media" alla “caratterizzazione neuropsicologica”. Obiettivi La presente ricerca mira a rivalutare un campione clinico con DSI nel profilo cognitivo, funzionamento adattivo e comorbidità psichiatriche e ad indagare la correlazione tra disfunzioni e pattern cognitivi specifici e la presenza di sintomi e sindromi psichiatrici specifici nei DSI. Sono stati valutati 120 individui con DSI provenienti da 3 strutture residenziali italiane da giugno 2021 ad agosto 2022. Sono stati divisi in due grupp: il primo gruppo, con maggiori risorse intellettive, è stato valutato utilizzando WAIS-IV o Leiter-3 e una batteria neuropsicologica (TMT, Stroop e TOL), in un secondo momento un caregiver è stato intervistato utilizzando la Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II, SPAIDD-G e STA-DI per valutare rispettivamente, per ogni paziente, il comportamento adattivo, le comorbidità psichiatriche e la presenza di Disturbo dello Spettro Autistico (DdSA). Il secondo gruppo, composto da individui con DSI più grave, è stato valutato solo con test eterosomministrati (caregiver). Elaborazione statistica: calcolo degli indici di frequenza e correlazioni di Pearson. Risultati Il campione era composto da 90 maschi e 30 femmine, età media 57 anni, istituzionalizzati per un periodo medio di 36,44 anni. Il 52% non aveva istruzione, il 19% un diploma di scuola media. Diagnosi DSI: borderline 3%, lieve 16%, moderata 11%, moderato-grave 4%, grave 59%, profonda 0%. Dalle cartelle cliniche, la prevalenza di DdSA in comorbidità è l'11% ma con la rivalutazione alla STA-DI è aumentata al 29%. il 38% ha avuto un comportamento provocatorio; L'89% presentava comorbidità fisiche, il 58% comorbidità psichiatriche, il 56% psicosi. La rivalutazione diagnostica per le comorbidità psichiatriche (SPAIDD-G) ha individuato un numero significativo di disturbi ed ha rivelato che, nonostante la cartella clinica mostrasse una bassa prevalenza di diagnosi psichiatriche, era stata prescritta una quantità consistente di farmaci psicotropi, riflettendo forse la reale prevalenza di psicopatologia qui rivelata dallo strumento SPAIDD-G ma non adeguatamente riconosciuta nella routine clinica e/o erroneamente interpretata come comportamenti problema. Le correlazioni di Pearson tra variabili cognitive e disturbi psichiatrici hanno mostrato risultati significativi. Discussione e Conclusioni Le valutazioni SPAIDD-G hanno evidenziato una maggiore prevalenza di psicopatologia (in particolare DdSA, disturbi dell'umore e ansia) rispetto a quanto riportato nelle cartelle cliniche. Questo dato supporta l'importanza di utilizzare strumenti di screening psicopatologici per migliorare il processo diagnostico nelle strutture residenziali per i casi di DSI, il che di conseguenza migliorerebbe le terapie psicofarmacologiche. La correlazione tra disfunzioni cognitive e vulnerabilità psicopatologica è da approfondire con ulteriori studi.
(2023). SPECIFIC COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONING AND VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER (INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY). (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
SPECIFIC COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONING AND VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER (INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY)
SANTAMBROGIO, JACOPO
2023
Abstract
Background: Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) is diagnosed with cognitive tests and adaptive behaviour evaluations. There is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders comorbid with IDD, including papers on the relationship between adaptive behaviour and psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric comorbidities are often under-estimated, but as challenging behaviour is commonly present, they are over-medicated. The relationship between specific cognitive dysfunctions and psychiatric vulnerability has still not been adequately studied in cases of IDD, despite increasing evidence of common neurodevelopmental alterations and high co-occurrence. The concept that a specific cognitive dysfunction underlies a specific psychiatric disorder may facilitate understanding the connection between cognitive alterations and psychopathological vulnerability, and may provide the basis for a paradigm shift from “intellectually below average IQ” to “neuropsychological characterization”. Aims: The objective of this research was to reassess a clinical sample of IDD in cognitive profile, adaptive functioning and psychiatric comorbidities and investigating the correlation between specific cognitive dysfunctions and patterns and the presence of specific psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in IDD. 120 individuals with IDD from 3 Italian residential facilities were consecutively evaluated from June 2021 to August 2022. They were divided into two groups on the basis of a previous clinical evaluation by expert clinicians: the first group, with more intellectual resources, was evaluated using WAIS-IV or Leiter-3 scales, and a neuropsychological battery using the TMT, Stroop and TOL tests, after which a professional caregiver did individual interviews with them using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II, SPAIDD-G, and STA-DI to evaluate their adaptive behaviour, psychiatric comorbidities and presence of ASD. The second group, composed of individuals with more severe IDD, was evaluated only with professional caregiver assessment tools. The data statistical processing was predominantly calculation of frequency and correlation indexes. Results: The sample was composed of 90 males and 30 females, mean age 57 years, institutionalized for a mean period of 36.44 years. 52% had no education, 19% a middle school diploma. IDD diagnoses: borderline 3%, mild 16%, moderate 11%, moderate-severe 4%, severe 59%, profound 0%. From the medical records, 11% had a comorbid ASD diagnosis, but with diagnostic ASD (STA-DI) re-assessment this increased to 29%. 38% had challenging behaviour; 89% presented physical comorbidities, 58% psychiatric comorbidities, 56% psychoses. The diagnostic re-assessment for psychiatric comorbidities (SPAIDD-G) identified a significant number of disorders and revealed that despite the medical records showed a low prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses, a consistent quantity of psychotropic drugs had been prescribed, possibly reflecting the real prevalence of psychopathology revealed here by the SPAIDD-G tool but not adequately recognized in clinical routine and/or misinterpreted as challenging behaviour. Pearson correlations between cognitive tests and psychopathological items present significative findings. Discussion and Conclusions: In conclusion, the SPAIDD-G evaluations revealed a greater prevalence of psychopathology than reported in the medical records. This finding supports the importance of using psychopathological screening tools to improve the diagnostic process in residential facilities for IDD cases, which would consequently improve the psychopharmacological therapies. They also revealed the need to further investigate the correlation between cognitive dysfunctions and psychopathological vulnerability, studying intelligence as a multi-component model and identifying specific behavioural and cognitive phenotypes in IDD cases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_064758.pdf
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Descrizione: SPECIFIC COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONING AND VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER (INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY)
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Doctoral thesis
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3.93 MB
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