Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked disorder that leads to muscle wasting. In the search of genetic determinants of DMD severity, LTBP4, a member of the latent TGF-β binding protein family, emerged as an important predictor of functional outcome trajectories in mice and humans. Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in LTBP4 gene associate with prolonged ambulation in DMD patients, whereas an in-frame insertion polymorphism in the mouse LTBP4 locus modulates disease severity in mice by altering proteolytic stability of the Ltbp4 protein and release of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which plays an important role in skeletal muscle fibrosis deposition. Givinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor currently in phase III clinical trials for DMD treatment, significantly reduces fibrosis in muscle tissue and promotes the increase of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscles in mdx mice. In this thesis, the activity of Givinostat was investigated in mdx and in D2.B10 mice, two mouse models expressing different Ltbp4 variants and developing mild (mdx) or more severe (D2.B10) disease as a function of Ltbp4 polymorphism. Givinostat and steroids (first line therapy for DMD patients to date) were administrated for 15 weeks in both DMD murine models and their efficacy was evaluated by grip strength and run to exhaustion functional tests. Histological examinations of skeletal muscles were also performed to assess the percentage of fibrotic area and CSA increase. Givinostat treatment increased maximal normalized strength to levels that were comparable to those of healthy mice in both DMD models. The effect of Givinostat in both grip strength and exhaustion tests was dose dependent in both strains, and in D2.B10 mice, Givinostat outperformed steroids at its highest dose. The in vivo treatment with Givinostat was effective in improving muscle morphology in both mdx and D2.B10 mice by significantly reducing the percentage of fibrosis in skeletal muscle. The literature reports that pan- or selective-HDAC inhibitors have been shown to have protective effects in pathological heart conditions and consequently to preserve the cardiac function by exerting anti-inflammatory properties, reducing cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, and modulating the fibrosis and even its potential reversion through specific molecular signal pathways, mainly targeting specific kinases. Since D2.B10 mice parallel human disease progression more closely than the common mdx mouse model and develop cardiomyopathy earlier than the mdx mice, cardiac disease in D2.B10 mice was characterized. Therefore, the attention was focused on cardiac fibrosis and, to better appreciate the evolution of this process over time, in addition to the histological evaluation, cardiac function was monitored by echocardiography in both D2.B10 dystrophic and DBA/2J healthy mice. The data obtained suggest that anatomical and functional pathological manifestations in left ventricle of 23/25 weeks old D2.B10 mice were mild to moderate compared to healthy mice so D2.B10 mice might represent a model of cardiomyopathy that will be useful to better understand the mechanism leading to fibrosis in cardiac tissue. Future studies will be aimed at evaluating the efficacy of both pan-HDAC inhibitor Givinostat and more selective HDAC inhibitors in counteracting cardiac fibrosis in D2.B10 murine model.

La distrofia muscolare di Duchenne (DMD) è una malattia letale legata al cromosoma x che porta ad atrofia muscolare. Nella ricerca dei determinanti genetici della gravità della DMD, LTBP4, un membro della famiglia di proteine leganti il TGF-β latente, è emerso essere un importante predittore dell’esito funzionale sia nei modelli murini che nell'uomo. I polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide non sinonimi nel gene LTBP4 sono associati a una prolungata deambulazione nei pazienti DMD, mentre l’inserzione in-frame di nucleotidi nel locus LTBP4 modula la gravità della malattia nel topo alterando la stabilità proteolitica della proteina Ltbp4 e quindi il rilascio del fattore di crescita trasformante-β (TGF-β), importante nella formazione della fibrosi nel muscolo scheletrico. Givinostat, un pan-inibitore delle istone deacetilasi (HDAC) attualmente in clinica in uno studio di fase III per il trattamento della DMD, riduce significativamente la fibrosi nel tessuto muscolare scheletrico e promuove l'aumento della dimensione delle miofibre nei topi mdx. In questa tesi, l'attività di Givinostat è stata studiata sia nei topi mdx che nei topi D2.B10, due modelli murini che esprimono diverse varianti di Ltbp4 e sviluppano la malattia in maniera più lieve (mdx) o più grave (D2.B10) in funzione del polimorfismo di Ltbp4 che esprimono. Givinostat e gli steroidi (ad oggi trattamento di pima linea per i pazienti DMD) sono stati somministrati per 15 settimane in entrambi i modelli murini e la loro efficacia è stata valutata in base a due test funzionali a cui sono stati sottoposti gli animali durante gli studi, ovvero la forza massima sviluppata e la resistenza alla fatica. Sui muscoli scheletrici sono state anche effettuate analisi istologiche per valutare la percentuale dell’area fibrotica e l'aumento della dimensione delle miofibre. Il trattamento con Givinostat ha portato ad un aumento della forza massima sviluppata dagli animali trattati paragonabile a quella dei topi sani in entrambi i modelli. L'effetto di Givinostat nei test funzionali è stato dose-dipendente in entrambi i ceppi e, nei topi D2.B10, Givinostat somministrato alla dose più alta ha superato l’efficacia degli steroidi. Il trattamento degli animali con Givinostat è stato efficace nel migliorare la morfologia muscolare sia dei topi mdx che dei D2.B10 riducendo quindi in maniera significativa la percentuale di fibrosi a livello muscolare. In letteratura è descritto come pan-inibitori o inibitori selettivi di specifiche HDAC hanno dimostrato avere effetti protettivi in diverse condizioni patologiche cardiache e, di conseguenza, di preservare la funzionalità cardiaca esercitando proprietà antinfiammatorie, riducendo l'ipertrofia e il rimodellamento cardiaco e modulando la fibrosi attraverso specifici meccanismi molecolari. Poiché i topi D2.B10 mimano la progressione della cardiomiopatia in maniera più simile a quella umana e la sviluppano precocemente rispetto ai topi mdx comunemente utilizzati, la cardiomiopatia è stata caratterizzata nei topi D2.B10. L’obiettivo è stato quello di valutare la fibrosi cardiaca e, per apprezzare meglio l'evoluzione della patologia cardiaca nel tempo, oltre alla valutazione istologica, è stata monitorata la funzionalità cardiaca mediante ecocardiografia sia nei topi sani DBA/2J che nei topi distrofici D2.B10. I dati ottenuti suggeriscono che le manifestazioni patologiche anatomiche e funzionali nel ventricolo sinistro di topi D2.B10 di 23/25 settimane possono essere considerate lievi/ moderate se confrontate ai valori dei parametri dei topi sani, quindi i topi D2.B10 potrebbero rappresentare un modello di cardiomiopatia utile per comprendere meglio il meccanismo che porta alla formazione di fibrosi nel tessuto cardiaco. Studi futuri saranno volti a valutare l'efficacia nel contrastare la fibrosi cardiaca nel modello murino D2.B10 sia utilizzando Givinostat che inibitori più selettivi per HDAC.

(2023). Evaluation of the anti-fibrotic effect of Givinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, in different Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy murine models.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Evaluation of the anti-fibrotic effect of Givinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, in different Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy murine models.

LICANDRO, SIMONETTA ANDREA
2023

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked disorder that leads to muscle wasting. In the search of genetic determinants of DMD severity, LTBP4, a member of the latent TGF-β binding protein family, emerged as an important predictor of functional outcome trajectories in mice and humans. Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in LTBP4 gene associate with prolonged ambulation in DMD patients, whereas an in-frame insertion polymorphism in the mouse LTBP4 locus modulates disease severity in mice by altering proteolytic stability of the Ltbp4 protein and release of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which plays an important role in skeletal muscle fibrosis deposition. Givinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor currently in phase III clinical trials for DMD treatment, significantly reduces fibrosis in muscle tissue and promotes the increase of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscles in mdx mice. In this thesis, the activity of Givinostat was investigated in mdx and in D2.B10 mice, two mouse models expressing different Ltbp4 variants and developing mild (mdx) or more severe (D2.B10) disease as a function of Ltbp4 polymorphism. Givinostat and steroids (first line therapy for DMD patients to date) were administrated for 15 weeks in both DMD murine models and their efficacy was evaluated by grip strength and run to exhaustion functional tests. Histological examinations of skeletal muscles were also performed to assess the percentage of fibrotic area and CSA increase. Givinostat treatment increased maximal normalized strength to levels that were comparable to those of healthy mice in both DMD models. The effect of Givinostat in both grip strength and exhaustion tests was dose dependent in both strains, and in D2.B10 mice, Givinostat outperformed steroids at its highest dose. The in vivo treatment with Givinostat was effective in improving muscle morphology in both mdx and D2.B10 mice by significantly reducing the percentage of fibrosis in skeletal muscle. The literature reports that pan- or selective-HDAC inhibitors have been shown to have protective effects in pathological heart conditions and consequently to preserve the cardiac function by exerting anti-inflammatory properties, reducing cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, and modulating the fibrosis and even its potential reversion through specific molecular signal pathways, mainly targeting specific kinases. Since D2.B10 mice parallel human disease progression more closely than the common mdx mouse model and develop cardiomyopathy earlier than the mdx mice, cardiac disease in D2.B10 mice was characterized. Therefore, the attention was focused on cardiac fibrosis and, to better appreciate the evolution of this process over time, in addition to the histological evaluation, cardiac function was monitored by echocardiography in both D2.B10 dystrophic and DBA/2J healthy mice. The data obtained suggest that anatomical and functional pathological manifestations in left ventricle of 23/25 weeks old D2.B10 mice were mild to moderate compared to healthy mice so D2.B10 mice might represent a model of cardiomyopathy that will be useful to better understand the mechanism leading to fibrosis in cardiac tissue. Future studies will be aimed at evaluating the efficacy of both pan-HDAC inhibitor Givinostat and more selective HDAC inhibitors in counteracting cardiac fibrosis in D2.B10 murine model.
CAROZZI, VALENTINA ALDA
STEINKUHLER, CHRISTIAN
Distrofia; Duchenne; Fibrosi; Istone deacetilasi; Givinostat
Dystrophy; Duchenne; Fibrosis; Histone deacetylase; Givinostat
BIO/16 - ANATOMIA UMANA
English
30-gen-2023
NEUROSCIENZE
35
2021/2022
embargoed_20260130
(2023). Evaluation of the anti-fibrotic effect of Givinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, in different Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy murine models.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Descrizione: Evaluation of the anti-fibrotic effect of Givinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, in different Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy murine models
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/403044
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