The present work has been focused on the radiosynthesis and characterization of a series of PSMA-617 derivatives functionalized in different ways, aimed to implement general purpose methods for the introduction of fluorine-18, in mild conditions, in macromolecules of potential interest as PET radiopharmaceuticals. Three different approaches have been considered, choosing PSMA-617 as a suitable model, due to its well established and suitable in vivo behaviour; fluorine-18 was introduced: i) via “click chemistry”, ii) by coordination of suitable chelators with [18F]AlF2+, and iii) via nucleophilic substitution of potentially new leaving groups. As the precursors for radiolabelling were not commercially available, they have been fully synthesized in the course of the present work. Moreover, radiosynthesis of the three approaches were completely automated. Finally, a further aim was the in vivo testing of the radiolabelled compounds, using small animal PET camera, to at least evaluate their pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties, in vivo. 1) Introduction via CuAAC “click chemistry” This sub-project focused on the radiolabeling with fluorine-18 of a PSMA-617 derivative via “click chemistry”. The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is considered one of the best ways to introduce fluorine-18 on macromolecules in mild conditions and resulted to be very effective. Chemical synthesis of precursors was conducted with an overall yield of ~19%. Then, a two steps radiosynthesis was implemented. Fluorine-18 radiolabeled product was obtained with high purity (radiochemical purity >99%, radiosynthesis time 112 min, ~6% of not-corrected RCY, ~30 GBq/μmol). Moreover, it resulted to be stable in vitro and in human plasma. Thus, a “general purpose” method for the radiolabeling of macromolecules via CuAAC chemistry was developed. 2) Fluorine-18 introduction by [18F](AlF)2+ chemistry This sub-project focused on the radiolabeling with [18F]AlF2+ of two derivatives of PSMA-617 functionalized with chelators NODA and RESCA. At first, chemical synthesis of precursors was conducted with an overall yield of ~31% for PSMA-617-NODA derivative and ~25% for PSMA-617-RESCA derivative. Then, radiosynthesis was implemented. Radiolabeling conditions and in vitro and in vivo stability were compared for the two derivatives: in case of PSMA-617-NODA, [18F]AlF2+ complex introduction occurred by heating at 110°C, but the final product resulted to be stable both in solution and in human plasma (radiochemical purity >99%, radiosynthesis time 59 min, ~23% of not-corrected RCY, molar activity >170 GBq/μmol). On the other hand, in case of PSMA-617-RESCA, [18F]AlF2+ complex introduction occurred at room temperature, but the final product resulted to be less stable both in solution and in human plasma (radiochemical purity >99%, radiosynthesis time 42 min, ~40% of not-corrected RCY, molar activity >90 GBq/μmol). Finally, the two radiopharmaceuticals were tested in vivo on human prostate tumor and human glioblastoma tumor inoculated mice. 3) Direct fluorine-18 introduction (SN2) The third sub-project focused on the radiolabeling with fluorine-18 via a direct SN2 reaction of two derivatives of PSMA-617 functionalized with 2-trimethylammonium nicotinic amide and bromoacetic amide. At first, chemical synthesis of precursors was performed with an overall yield of ~22% for precursor 2-trimethylammonium nicotinic amide functionalized and ~10% for bromoacetic amide functionalized precursor. Then, radiolabeling of PSMA-617 2-trimethylammonium nicotinic amide derivative was successfully performed (radiochemical purity >99%, synthesis time 63 min, ~20% of not-corrected RCY, >1000 GBq/μmol). Unfortunately, radiolabeling of PSMA-617 bromoacetic amide functionalized precursor did not proceed.

Il presente lavoro è stato incentrato sulla radiosintesi e caratterizzazione di una serie di derivati PSMA-617 diversamente funzionalizzati, con l'obiettivo di implementare dei metodi “general purpose” per l'introduzione del fluoro-18, in condizioni “mild”, in macromolecole di potenziale interesse come radiofarmaci PET. Sono stati considerati tre diversi approcci, scegliendo la molecola PSMA-617 come modello; il fluoro-18 è stato introdotto: i) tramite "click chemistry", ii) coordinando opportuni chelanti con [18F]AlF2+, e iii) per sostituzione nucleofila di gruppi uscenti potenzialmente interessanti. Poiché i precursori per la marcatura radioattiva non sono disponibili in commercio, essi sono stati completamente sintetizzati. Inoltre, le radiosintesi dei tre approcci considerati sono state completamente automatizzate. Infine i composti radiomarcati sono stati testati in vivo, utilizzando una camera PET per piccoli animali, allo scopo di valutarne le proprietà farmacocinetiche e di biodistribuzione in vivo. 1) Introduzione tramite CuAAC “click chemistry” Questo sottoprogetto ha avuto per oggetto la marcatura radioattiva con fluoro-18 di un derivato PSMA-617 tramite "click chemistry". La cicloaddizione [3+2] azide-alchino terminale catalizzata da rame (CuAAC) è considerata uno dei modi migliori per introdurre fluoro-18 su macromolecole in condizioni “mild”. La sintesi chimica dei precursori è stata condotta con una resa complessiva di circa il 19%. Quindi è stata implementata una radiosintesi “dual steps”. Il prodotto radiomarcato con fluoro-18 è stato ottenuto con elevata purezza (purezza radiochimica >99%, tempo di radiosintesi 112 min, ~6% di RCY non corretta, ~30 GBq/μmol). Inoltre, è risultato essere stabile in vitro e nel plasma umano. 2) Introduzione del fluoro-18 mediante chimica [18F](AlF)2+ Questo sottoprogetto prevedeva invece la radiomarcatura con [18F]AlF2+ di due derivati di PSMA-617 funzionalizzati con i chelanti NODA e RESCA. La sintesi chimica dei precursori è stata portata a termine con una resa complessiva di ~ 31% per il derivato PSMA-617-NODA e ~ 25% per il derivato PSMA-617-RESCA. In seguito è stata eseguita la radiosintesi. Per i due derivati sono state confrontate le condizioni di radiomarcatura, e la stabilità in vitro e in vivo: nel caso di PSMA-617-NODA, l'introduzione del complesso [18F]AlF2+ è stata possibile solo mediante riscaldamento a 110°C e il prodotto finale è risultato stabile sia in soluzione e nel plasma umano (purezza radiochimica >99%, tempo di radiosintesi 59 min, ~23% di RCY non corretto, attività molare >170 GBq/μmol). Viceversa, per quanto riguarda PSMA-617-RESCA, l'introduzione del complesso [18F]AlF2+ avviene a temperatura ambiente, ma il prodotto finale è risultato essere meno stabile sia in soluzione che nel plasma umano (purezza radiochimica >99%, tempo di radiosintesi 42 min, ~40% di RCY non corretto, attività molare >90 GBq/μmol). Infine, i due radiofarmaci sono stati testati in vivo su topi inoculati con tumore prostatico e glioblastoma umano. 3) Introduzione diretta di fluoro-18 (SN2) L’ultimo sottoprogetto era infine incentrato sulla marcatura radioattiva con fluoro-18 tramite reazione di sostituzione nucleofila (SN2) diretta di due derivati di PSMA-617 funzionalizzati rispettivamente con ammide nicotinica 2-trimetilammonio e ammide bromoacetica. La sintesi chimica dei precursori è stata effettuata con una resa complessiva di circa il 22% per il precursore funzionalizzato con 2-trimetilammonio nicotinammide e di circa il 10% per il precursore funzionalizzato con ammide bromoacetica. In seguito, la marcatura radioattiva del derivato dell'ammide nicotinica di PSMA-617 2-trimetilammonio è stata eseguita con successo (purezza radiochimica> 99%, tempo di sintesi 63 min, ~ 20% di RCY non corretto,> 1000 GBq/μmol), mentre la radiomarcatura del precursore funzionalizzato con ammide bromoacetica non ha dato l’esito desiderato.

(2023). DEVELOPMENT OF NEW “GENERAL PURPOSE” METHODS TO INTRODUCE FLUORINE-18 IN BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW “GENERAL PURPOSE” METHODS TO INTRODUCE FLUORINE-18 IN BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES

IANNONE, MARCO NICOLA
2023

Abstract

The present work has been focused on the radiosynthesis and characterization of a series of PSMA-617 derivatives functionalized in different ways, aimed to implement general purpose methods for the introduction of fluorine-18, in mild conditions, in macromolecules of potential interest as PET radiopharmaceuticals. Three different approaches have been considered, choosing PSMA-617 as a suitable model, due to its well established and suitable in vivo behaviour; fluorine-18 was introduced: i) via “click chemistry”, ii) by coordination of suitable chelators with [18F]AlF2+, and iii) via nucleophilic substitution of potentially new leaving groups. As the precursors for radiolabelling were not commercially available, they have been fully synthesized in the course of the present work. Moreover, radiosynthesis of the three approaches were completely automated. Finally, a further aim was the in vivo testing of the radiolabelled compounds, using small animal PET camera, to at least evaluate their pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties, in vivo. 1) Introduction via CuAAC “click chemistry” This sub-project focused on the radiolabeling with fluorine-18 of a PSMA-617 derivative via “click chemistry”. The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is considered one of the best ways to introduce fluorine-18 on macromolecules in mild conditions and resulted to be very effective. Chemical synthesis of precursors was conducted with an overall yield of ~19%. Then, a two steps radiosynthesis was implemented. Fluorine-18 radiolabeled product was obtained with high purity (radiochemical purity >99%, radiosynthesis time 112 min, ~6% of not-corrected RCY, ~30 GBq/μmol). Moreover, it resulted to be stable in vitro and in human plasma. Thus, a “general purpose” method for the radiolabeling of macromolecules via CuAAC chemistry was developed. 2) Fluorine-18 introduction by [18F](AlF)2+ chemistry This sub-project focused on the radiolabeling with [18F]AlF2+ of two derivatives of PSMA-617 functionalized with chelators NODA and RESCA. At first, chemical synthesis of precursors was conducted with an overall yield of ~31% for PSMA-617-NODA derivative and ~25% for PSMA-617-RESCA derivative. Then, radiosynthesis was implemented. Radiolabeling conditions and in vitro and in vivo stability were compared for the two derivatives: in case of PSMA-617-NODA, [18F]AlF2+ complex introduction occurred by heating at 110°C, but the final product resulted to be stable both in solution and in human plasma (radiochemical purity >99%, radiosynthesis time 59 min, ~23% of not-corrected RCY, molar activity >170 GBq/μmol). On the other hand, in case of PSMA-617-RESCA, [18F]AlF2+ complex introduction occurred at room temperature, but the final product resulted to be less stable both in solution and in human plasma (radiochemical purity >99%, radiosynthesis time 42 min, ~40% of not-corrected RCY, molar activity >90 GBq/μmol). Finally, the two radiopharmaceuticals were tested in vivo on human prostate tumor and human glioblastoma tumor inoculated mice. 3) Direct fluorine-18 introduction (SN2) The third sub-project focused on the radiolabeling with fluorine-18 via a direct SN2 reaction of two derivatives of PSMA-617 functionalized with 2-trimethylammonium nicotinic amide and bromoacetic amide. At first, chemical synthesis of precursors was performed with an overall yield of ~22% for precursor 2-trimethylammonium nicotinic amide functionalized and ~10% for bromoacetic amide functionalized precursor. Then, radiolabeling of PSMA-617 2-trimethylammonium nicotinic amide derivative was successfully performed (radiochemical purity >99%, synthesis time 63 min, ~20% of not-corrected RCY, >1000 GBq/μmol). Unfortunately, radiolabeling of PSMA-617 bromoacetic amide functionalized precursor did not proceed.
AIROLDI, CRISTINA
MALUSA', MARCO GIOVANNI
TODDE, SERGIO CAMILLO
Fluoro-18; click chemistry; Alluminio fluoruro; Introduzione fluoro; PSMA
Flurine-18; click chemistry; aluminum-fluoride; Fluorine introduct; PSMA
CHIM/08 - CHIMICA FARMACEUTICA
English
30-gen-2023
SCIENZE CHIMICHE, GEOLOGICHE E AMBIENTALI
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). DEVELOPMENT OF NEW “GENERAL PURPOSE” METHODS TO INTRODUCE FLUORINE-18 IN BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/402443
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