Local “Battlegrounds”. Relocating Multi-Level and Multi-Actor Governance of Immigration [La politique migratoire comme « champ de bataille » (Battleground). Relocaliser la gouvernance multi-niveaux et multi-acteurs de l’immigration] [Los «campos de batalla» locales (Battlegrounds). Reubicación de la gobernanza multinivel y multiactor de la inmigración. Revisión de la literatura]

The multi-level governance (MLG) approach is widely used to understand the complex processes of immigration policymaking. In this literature review, we consider both (i) the vertical dimension of MLG: the local, regional, national, European, or even global level; and (ii) the horizontal dimension of MLG: the relations between public and non-public actors. While focusing on the local level, this review identifies a trend regarding, on the one hand, local processes of bordering, and local policies of inclusion on the other. Furthermore, the article reviews how civil society has responded to the arrival of refugees. It identifies how this literature pays insufficient attention to dimensions of conflict and, more specifically, to how local borders can be challenged. Moreover, it shows a lack of attention to anti-migrant responses, and to the interaction between migrants and civil society regarding immigration governance. Concluding, the paper argues for the adoption of a “battleground” perspective as a more dynamic basis for the MLG approach.