Stereotypes represent a peculiar type of social knowledge that often provides a frame to interpret and form expectations about other people and regulate social interactions. The current work represents an investigation of the implicit neural processes and mechanisms underlying stereotype-based mental representations. The project considered racial implicit bias processes during language comprehension through three studies. Two studies have been conducted using EEG/ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to non-Caucasian people and the modulation of such activation through the previous presentation of two types of documentaries. A third online investigation was conducted on the role of speech accent variations in evoking stereotype-based expectancies, influencing the listener’s way of interpreting the conversation, and forming impressions on the speaker. In Study 1, EEG/ERPs signals were recorded while 20 Italian Caucasian participants, unaware of the overall study’s purpose, were presented with 285 sentences that could either violate, reinforce (e.g., “the Roma girl was involved in a robbery”) or be neutral with regard to stereotypes concerning other-race people (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabic, Roma). ERPs were time-locked to the terminal words and the results showed that words violating ethnic stereotypes elicited a greater anterior N400 response, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. Moreover, the participant’s individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent – Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. In Study 2, the same procedure of study 1 was applied to 40 participants after they had been exposed to either an experimental or a control 10 minutes’ video documentary. While the experimental group was presented with a video containing images that pictured other-race characters involved in counter-stereotypical activities (e.g. a black neurosurgeon leading a surgery team), the control group viewed a neutral documentary about flora and fauna. EEG signals were then recorded during the sentence reading task to explore whether the previous exposure to the experimental video could modulate the detection of incongruence in the sentences violating stereotypes, as marked by the N400 response. Indeed, only the control group showed a greater N400 response to words incongruent with ethnic stereotypes, exactly as in Study 1. No N400 effect was found for the experimental group. The swLORETA inverse solution, performed on the prejudice dependent N400 showed that regions involved in semantic memory and social cognition, such as the Inferior Temporal and the Superior and Middle Frontal Gyri, were the strongest intra-cortical sources. Study 3 presented to participants short clips containing voices with standard (Italian) and non-standard accents (e.g. Chinese, Indian, Latins, Arabic). Such voices spoke a total of 186 sentences that, similarly to previous studies, could either match, violate, or be neutral to a racial stereotype. Results showed that listeners perceived as more surprising sentences that violated a stereotype compared to sentences that confirmed a stereotype, according to the accent of the speaker. Moreover, results showed that accent-based information could influence the perceived competence and social attractiveness of the speaker. Overall, the studies showed by means of electrophysiological and behavioral methods how rapidly stereotype-based associations were implicitly evoked and considered during language comprehension and that exposure to media that defied stereotypes could attenuate social bias. Future studies should further investigate the neural and temporal underpinnings of this modulatory effect and extend the investigation to a wider range of social and racial groups.
Questo progetto considera il ruolo dei pregiudizi impliciti basati sull'etnia nei processi di comprensione del linguaggio attraverso tre studi. Sono stati condotti due studi utilizzando la tecnica EEG/ERP per rilevare l'attivazione implicita di rappresentazioni stereotipate associate a persone di etnie non caucasiche e la modulazione di tale attivazione attraverso la presentazione di documentari. È stata inoltre condotta una terza indagine online sul ruolo delle variazioni dell’accento parlato nell'evocare aspettative basate su stereotipi e nell'influenzare il modo in cui l'ascoltatore interpreta la conversazione e genera impressioni sull'oratore. Nello Studio 1, sono stati registrati i segnali EEG/ERP di 20 partecipanti italiani caucasici, ignari dello scopo generale dello studio, mentre gli venivano mostrate 285 frasi che potevano violare, rinforzare (es. "la ragazza rom è stata coinvolta in una rapina”) o essere neutrali rispetto ad una serie di stereotipi riguardanti altre etnie (es. asiatici, africani, arabi, rom). Le epoche ERP sono state sincronizzate alla comparsa della parola terminale. I risultati hanno mostrato che le parole che violavano gli stereotipi etnici suscitavano una risposta N400 anteriore maggiore, riflettendo una difficoltà nell'integrare le informazioni incongruenti con gli stereotipi preesistenti. Inoltre, i partecipanti hanno mostrato una correlazione lineare tra l’ampiezza della difference wave della risposta N400 (incongruente - congruente) e i punteggi ottenuti alla scala del pregiudizio. Nello studio 2, la stessa procedura dello studio 1 è stata applicata a 40 partecipanti dopo che erano stati esposti, a seconda del gruppo sperimentale, a un documentario sperimentale o di controllo di 10 minuti. Mentre al gruppo sperimentale è stato presentato un video contenente immagini che ritraevano personaggi di altre etnie coinvolti in attività contro-stereotipiche (ad esempio un neurochirurgo di colore che guida un'équipe chirurgica), al gruppo di controllo è stato mostrato un documentario neutrale su flora e fauna. I segnali EEG sono stati quindi registrati durante l'attività di lettura per esplorare se la precedente esposizione al video sperimentale potesse modulare il rilevamento dell'incongruenza nelle frasi che violavano gli stereotipi, come indicato dalla risposta N400. Infatti, solo il gruppo di controllo ha mostrato una maggiore ampiezza della N400 in risposta a parole incongruenti con stereotipi etnici, esattamente come nello Studio 1. Nel gruppo sperimentale non è stato riscontrato alcun effetto N400. La soluzione inversa swLORETA ha mostrato che il giro temporale inferiore e il giro frontale superiore e medio erano le sorgenti corticali più forti della risposta N400. Nello studio 3 sono stati presentati ai partecipanti dei brevi clip contenenti voci con accenti italiani e appartenenti a gruppi etnici non occidentali (es. cinesi, indiani, latini, arabi). Tali voci pronunciavano un totale di 186 frasi che potevano corrispondere, violare o essere neutrali rispetto a uno stereotipo etnico. I risultati hanno mostrato che gli ascoltatori percepivano come più sorprendenti frasi che violavano uno stereotipo rispetto alle frasi che lo confermavano in base all'accento di chi parlava. Inoltre, i risultati hanno mostrato che le informazioni inferite dall'accento di chi parla potevano influenzare la percezione di competenza e attrattiva sociale del parlante. Nel complesso, gli studi hanno mostrato, per mezzo di metodi elettrofisiologici e comportamentali, la rapidità con cui supposizioni basate su stereotipi venivano evocate implicitamente e prese in considerazione durante la comprensione del linguaggio e che l'esposizione a informazioni contro-stereotipiche era in grado attenuare tali pregiudizi sociali. Studi futuri dovrebbero esplorare ulteriormente le basi neurali di questo effetto ed estendere l’indagine ad una gamma più ampia di gruppi etnici e sociali.
(2022). N400 and ethnic implicit bias. An electrophysiological investigation on stereotype-based mental representations.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
N400 and ethnic implicit bias. An electrophysiological investigation on stereotype-based mental representations.
BRUSA, ALESSANDRA
2022
Abstract
Stereotypes represent a peculiar type of social knowledge that often provides a frame to interpret and form expectations about other people and regulate social interactions. The current work represents an investigation of the implicit neural processes and mechanisms underlying stereotype-based mental representations. The project considered racial implicit bias processes during language comprehension through three studies. Two studies have been conducted using EEG/ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to non-Caucasian people and the modulation of such activation through the previous presentation of two types of documentaries. A third online investigation was conducted on the role of speech accent variations in evoking stereotype-based expectancies, influencing the listener’s way of interpreting the conversation, and forming impressions on the speaker. In Study 1, EEG/ERPs signals were recorded while 20 Italian Caucasian participants, unaware of the overall study’s purpose, were presented with 285 sentences that could either violate, reinforce (e.g., “the Roma girl was involved in a robbery”) or be neutral with regard to stereotypes concerning other-race people (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabic, Roma). ERPs were time-locked to the terminal words and the results showed that words violating ethnic stereotypes elicited a greater anterior N400 response, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. Moreover, the participant’s individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent – Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. In Study 2, the same procedure of study 1 was applied to 40 participants after they had been exposed to either an experimental or a control 10 minutes’ video documentary. While the experimental group was presented with a video containing images that pictured other-race characters involved in counter-stereotypical activities (e.g. a black neurosurgeon leading a surgery team), the control group viewed a neutral documentary about flora and fauna. EEG signals were then recorded during the sentence reading task to explore whether the previous exposure to the experimental video could modulate the detection of incongruence in the sentences violating stereotypes, as marked by the N400 response. Indeed, only the control group showed a greater N400 response to words incongruent with ethnic stereotypes, exactly as in Study 1. No N400 effect was found for the experimental group. The swLORETA inverse solution, performed on the prejudice dependent N400 showed that regions involved in semantic memory and social cognition, such as the Inferior Temporal and the Superior and Middle Frontal Gyri, were the strongest intra-cortical sources. Study 3 presented to participants short clips containing voices with standard (Italian) and non-standard accents (e.g. Chinese, Indian, Latins, Arabic). Such voices spoke a total of 186 sentences that, similarly to previous studies, could either match, violate, or be neutral to a racial stereotype. Results showed that listeners perceived as more surprising sentences that violated a stereotype compared to sentences that confirmed a stereotype, according to the accent of the speaker. Moreover, results showed that accent-based information could influence the perceived competence and social attractiveness of the speaker. Overall, the studies showed by means of electrophysiological and behavioral methods how rapidly stereotype-based associations were implicitly evoked and considered during language comprehension and that exposure to media that defied stereotypes could attenuate social bias. Future studies should further investigate the neural and temporal underpinnings of this modulatory effect and extend the investigation to a wider range of social and racial groups.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: N400 and ethnic implicit bias. An electrophysiological investigation on stereotype-based mental representations
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Doctoral thesis
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