Function words and inflectional morphemes do not have an independent meaning but are highly frequent and usually monosyllabic. Among these, we could find articles, clitic pronouns, nominal and verbal suffixes. They convey structural information and are a critical aid in language acquisition and processing. Although previous research has demonstrated that infants are sensitive to function words from their first months of life, studies on their sensitivity and production in Italian are scarce. This thesis aims to study the sensitivity and production of Italian infants and toddlers to articles and 3rd direct object (3DO) clitics. This choice is motivated by the fact that these two morphemes are critical in the detection of language problems, especially 3DO, in monolingual and bilingual children. Chapter 3 investigated the early sensitivity to articles and 3DO clitics. By recording eye movements, we analysed whether 12 months old infants distinguished between real and pseudo-articles and whether 20 months old toddlers distinguished between real and pseudo-clitics. Results showed that, concerning the articles, infants distinguished between real and pseudo articles, preferring to look at the screen when they heard a real article. Moreover, at already 12 months of age, Italian infants had acquired both definite and indefinite articles. No significant results emerged with 3DO clitics due, probably, to the methodology used. Chapters 4 and 5 deeply investigated the use of an inflection morpheme, gender, on articles in language processing. Through a Looking While Listening task, we showed that infants as young as 12 months could extract the gender information carried by articles to anticipate the upcoming noun (Chapter 4). Finally, ERP recordings showed that children as young as 24 months old could detect a gender violation between a picture and the associated sentence already when they heard that the article did not match the picture presented: they showed a very early posterior positivity (Chapter 5). Finally, we studied the production of 3DO clitics by presenting a helpful computerised test for screening the production of 3DO clitics both in the typical developing (TD) children and in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). The test had a good sensitivity in identifying children with DLD. Moreover, this test showed interesting results in the bilingual population: although children who acquire Italian as a second language struggle with the acquisition of 3DO clitics, TD bilingual children performed as well as monolingual peers at the clitic test (Chapter 6). Finally, we have deepened the study of 3DO clitics’ production by analysing the differences in the production of proclitics and enclitics in children aged 4 to 7 years with and without familiarity with language and learning impairments (LLI). Results showed that enclitics were easier to produce at all ages. Moreover, children with a positive family history for LLI produced fewer clitics than children without familiarity, especially at 4 and 5 years.
Le parole funtori e i morfemi flessivi sono parole che non hanno un significato indipendente ma sono molto frequenti e solitamente monosillabiche. Tra queste, possiamo trovare articoli, pronomi clitici, suffissi. Trasmettono informazioni grammaticali e strutturali e sono un aiuto critico nell'elaborazione del linguaggio. Sebbene ricerche precedenti abbiano dimostrato che i neonati sono sensibili alle parole funzione fin dai primi mesi di vita, gli studi sulla loro sensibilità e produzione in italiano sono scarsi. Questa tesi si propone di studiare la sensibilità e la produzione dei bambini italiani agli articoli e ai clitici complemento oggetto (3DO). Questa scelta è motivata dal fatto che questi due morfemi, soprattutto i clitici 3DO sono critici nell’identificare bambini monolingui e bilingui con disturbi del linguaggio. Nel Capitolo 3 abbiamo studiato la sensibilità precoce agli articoli e ai clitici 3DO. Registrando i movimenti oculari, abbiamo analizzato se i bambini di 12 mesi distinguevano tra articoli veri e pseudo-articoli e se i bambini di 20 mesi distinguevano tra clitici veri e pseudo-clitici. I risultati hanno mostrato che, per quanto riguarda gli articoli, i bambini distinguevano tra articoli veri e pseudo, preferendo guardare lo schermo quando sentivano un articolo vero. Inoltre, già a 12 mesi di età, i bambini italiani avevano acquisito sia gli articoli definiti che quelli indefiniti. Nessun risultato significativo è emerso con i clitici 3DO a causa, probabilmente, della metodologia utilizzata. I Capitoli 4 e 5 hanno approfondito l'uso di un morfema flessivo sugli articoli, il genere, nel processamento linguistico. Abbiamo dimostrato, attraverso un compito di Looking While Listening, che i bambini di 12 mesi potevano estrarre le informazioni di genere contenute negli articoli per predire i nomi che li seguivano (Capitolo 4). Infine, le registrazioni ERP hanno mostrato che i bambini di 24 mesi potevano rilevare una violazione di genere tra un'immagine e la frase associata già quando sentivano che l'articolo non corrispondeva all'immagine presentata: hanno mostrato una positività posteriore molto precoce (Capitolo 5). Infine, abbiamo studiato la produzione dei clitici 3DO presentando un utile test computerizzato per lo screening della produzione dei clitici 3DO sia nei bambini a sviluppo tipico (TD) che nei bambini con Disturbo Primario del Linguaggio (DPL). Il test ha avuto una buona sensibilità nell'identificare i bambini con DPL. Inoltre, questo test ha mostrato risultati interessanti nella popolazione bilingue: sebbene i bambini che acquisiscono l'italiano come seconda lingua fatichino nella produzione dei clitici 3DO, i bambini bilingui TD hanno ottenuto risultati altrettanto buoni dei coetanei monolingui al test (Capitolo 6). Infine, abbiamo approfondito lo studio della produzione dei clitici 3DO analizzando le differenze nella produzione dei proclitici e degli enclitici in bambini dai 4 ai 7 anni con e senza familiarità per disturbi del linguaggio e dell'apprendimento (LLI). I risultati hanno mostrato che gli enclitici erano più facili da produrre a tutte le età. Inoltre, i bambini con una storia familiare positiva per LLI hanno prodotto meno clitici rispetto ai bambini senza familiarità, soprattutto a 4 e 5 anni.
(2022). THE SENSITIVITY AND PRODUCTION OF ARTICLES AND 3rd PERSON DIRECT OBJECT CLITICS: EVIDENCE FROM EYE-MOVEMENTS, ERP RECORDINGS AND ONLINE TESTS IN ITALIAN CHILDREN AND TODDLERS. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
THE SENSITIVITY AND PRODUCTION OF ARTICLES AND 3rd PERSON DIRECT OBJECT CLITICS: EVIDENCE FROM EYE-MOVEMENTS, ERP RECORDINGS AND ONLINE TESTS IN ITALIAN CHILDREN AND TODDLERS
MORNATI, GIULIA
2022
Abstract
Function words and inflectional morphemes do not have an independent meaning but are highly frequent and usually monosyllabic. Among these, we could find articles, clitic pronouns, nominal and verbal suffixes. They convey structural information and are a critical aid in language acquisition and processing. Although previous research has demonstrated that infants are sensitive to function words from their first months of life, studies on their sensitivity and production in Italian are scarce. This thesis aims to study the sensitivity and production of Italian infants and toddlers to articles and 3rd direct object (3DO) clitics. This choice is motivated by the fact that these two morphemes are critical in the detection of language problems, especially 3DO, in monolingual and bilingual children. Chapter 3 investigated the early sensitivity to articles and 3DO clitics. By recording eye movements, we analysed whether 12 months old infants distinguished between real and pseudo-articles and whether 20 months old toddlers distinguished between real and pseudo-clitics. Results showed that, concerning the articles, infants distinguished between real and pseudo articles, preferring to look at the screen when they heard a real article. Moreover, at already 12 months of age, Italian infants had acquired both definite and indefinite articles. No significant results emerged with 3DO clitics due, probably, to the methodology used. Chapters 4 and 5 deeply investigated the use of an inflection morpheme, gender, on articles in language processing. Through a Looking While Listening task, we showed that infants as young as 12 months could extract the gender information carried by articles to anticipate the upcoming noun (Chapter 4). Finally, ERP recordings showed that children as young as 24 months old could detect a gender violation between a picture and the associated sentence already when they heard that the article did not match the picture presented: they showed a very early posterior positivity (Chapter 5). Finally, we studied the production of 3DO clitics by presenting a helpful computerised test for screening the production of 3DO clitics both in the typical developing (TD) children and in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). The test had a good sensitivity in identifying children with DLD. Moreover, this test showed interesting results in the bilingual population: although children who acquire Italian as a second language struggle with the acquisition of 3DO clitics, TD bilingual children performed as well as monolingual peers at the clitic test (Chapter 6). Finally, we have deepened the study of 3DO clitics’ production by analysing the differences in the production of proclitics and enclitics in children aged 4 to 7 years with and without familiarity with language and learning impairments (LLI). Results showed that enclitics were easier to produce at all ages. Moreover, children with a positive family history for LLI produced fewer clitics than children without familiarity, especially at 4 and 5 years.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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