Receptors and signal transduction pathways have been studied for decades depicting the mechanism responsible for the perception of nutrients and growth factors. Nevertheless, an increasing amount of evidence suggest that signal transduction is inherently connected also to intracellular metabolism through protein-metabolite interactions (PMIs) between metabolites and proteins of the signal transduction pathways. All the eukaryotes present conserved pathway for the sensing of carbon and nitrogen sources responsible for the coordination of cell growth with its nutritional state. Metabolites belonging to the upper glycolysis strongly influence PKA and Snf1/AMPK/SnRK1 activation state in yeast and mammalian and plants cells. In the meanwhile, components of the TORC1 pathway result to be the center of interaction for the sensing of amino acids availability. Interestingly, the crosstalk between Snf1/AMPK and Ras/PKA pathways, as well as glucose regulation of Snf1/AMPK activity in yeast is not completely understood yet. In the present thesis, we demonstrate that Snf1/AMPK and Ras/PKA pathway are independently controlled by glucose metabolism through the synthesis of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, respectively. Hence, we proved that Snf1/AMPK activation state is controlled by glucose transport rate and not by glucose availability, providing evidence suggesting that glucose 6-phosphate may directly interact with Snf1 complex and enhance the exposure to phosphatases of the phosphorylated regulatory threonine (T210). Nutrients also have a strong impact on cellular aging and eukaryotic microorganisms or simple pluricellular organisms can be useful model organisms for the study of the aging process. In a collaborative study, we evaluated the properties of the bean Vigna unguicolata as functional food ameliorating aging and neurodegeneration. Bean extracts extend the life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells. Furthermore, bean extracts also showed neuroprotective properties, reducing the in vitro aggregation of α-synuclein and decreasing the age-related degeneration of cephalic dopaminergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate new putative approaches for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A preliminary study showed that the coupling of SNF1 deletion with methionine supplementation rewires yeast metabolism and reduces its proliferation. Being methionine and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism mainly active in the liver, we investigated whether AMKP inhibition coupled with a high methionine dosage can ameliorate the phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. These conditions increased the activity of the TCA cycle and the amount of ATP derived from respiration. Furthermore, this reduction of the Warburg phenotype was associated with a reduction of the aggressiveness of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7. S-adenosylmethionine is also an important fine chemical used in the treatment of alcoholism and depression or for the synthesis of melatonin, antibiotics and flavonoids. In the last part of this thesis, I present the advancement of the engineering of the environmental bacteria Pseudomonas putida for the overproduction of SAM. To pursue this goal, we designed a feedback-free inducible pathway to duplicate SAM production pathways in P. putida and coupling it with the TCA cycle. The building of this engineered strain forced us to deal with the robustness of P. putida central carbon metabolism and to investigate possible anaplerotic reaction replenishing the TCA cycle. This allowed us to gain useful details on the regulation of the TCA metabolism in P. putida and highlighted that information acquire in enterobacteria Escherichia coli are not always translatable to other type of bacteria.
Tutti gli eucarioti presentano sistemi di percezione per le fonti di carbonio e azoto tramite la quale la crescita cellulare è coordinata con lo stato nutrizionale. In particolare, I metaboliti della parte alta della glicolisi influenzano lo stato di attivazione della via di PKA e di Snf1/AMPK/SnRK1 in lievito, mammifero e piante. Mentre, la via del complesso di TORC1 è al centro di un sistema di segnalazione per la disponibilità di amminoacidi. Di particolare interesse è il meccanismo di interazione tra la via di Snf1/AMPK e Ras/PKA con il metabolismo del glucosio la cui regolazione non è tuttora compresa nel dettaglio. In questa tesi, si dimostra che le vie di Snf1/AMPK e Ras/PKA sono indipendentemente connesse al metabolismo del glucosio tramite la sintesi di glucosio-6 fosfato e fruttosio 1,6 bisfosfato. Inoltre, l’attività della chinasi Snf1/AMPK è risultata essere regolata dalla velocità di importo del glucosio nelle cellule, piuttosto che dalla sua disponibilità nel terreno di coltura. Esclusi meccanismi alternativi, il glucosio-6 fosfato potrebbe influenzare lo stato di fosforilazione e attivazione di Snf1 tramite un’interazione diretta e causando una maggiore accessibilità alle fosfatasi della treonina regolatoria T210. I nutrienti hanno inoltre un forte impatto sull’invecchiamento cellulare e microorganismi eucariotici e gli organismi pluricellulari a bassa complessità possono essere utilizzati come organismi modello per lo studio di tali processi. In collaborazione con altri gruppi di ricerca, sono state studiate le proprietà del fagiolo Vigna unguicolata nel prevenire l’invecchiamento e la neuro-degenerazione. Gli estratti di fagiolo hanno aumentato le aspettative di vita di Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans e di cellule di mammifero. Inoltre, gli stessi estratti hanno mostrato proprietà neuroprotettive riducendo l’aggregazione dell’α-sinucleina in vitro e la morte di neuroni dopaminergici in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nella seconda parte della tesi vengono investigati nuovi approcci per il trattamento del carcinoma epatocellulare. Uno studio preliminare ha infatti dimostrato che, in lievito, l’abbinamento della delezione di SNF1 e l’aggiunta di metionina determinano un riarrangiamento metabolico ed una riduzione della crescita cellulare. Essendo il fegato l’organo in cui prende luogo la maggior parte del metabolismo della metionina e della S-adenosilmetionina (SAM), abbiamo investigato l’effetto dell’inibizione di AMPK e l’aggiunta di metionina sul fenotipo tumorale di linee cellulari derivate dal carcinoma epatocellulare. Le condizioni analizzate hanno mostrato di essere in grado di aumentare l’attività del ciclo di Krebs e la quantità di ATP derivata dalla respirazione mitocondriale. Questo, in associazione ad una riduzione dell’aggressività delle linee di carcinoma epatocellulare HepG2 e Huh7. La S-adenosilmetionina è un’importante molecola per il trattamento dell’alcolismo e della depressione, inoltre è utilizzata nella sintesi di melatonina, antibiotici e flavonoidi. Nell’ultima parte di questa tesi viene presentato lo stato di avanzamento di un progetto di ingegnerizzazione del batterio del suolo Pseudomonas putida per la produzione di SAM. Il disegno sperimentale prevede la duplicazione della sua via di sintesi con una via sintesi resistente ai controlli endogeni ed accoppiata al ciclo di Krebs. Questo ha implicato lo studio delle vie di anaplerosi del ciclo di Krebs ed ha evidenziato come le informazioni ottenute in Escherichia coli non siano sempre traslabili su altri tipi di batteri.
(2022). Metabolism and signaling crosstalk regulates nutrients perception and mitochondrial respiration in eukaryotic model systems. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Metabolism and signaling crosstalk regulates nutrients perception and mitochondrial respiration in eukaryotic model systems
MILANESI, RICCARDO
2022
Abstract
Receptors and signal transduction pathways have been studied for decades depicting the mechanism responsible for the perception of nutrients and growth factors. Nevertheless, an increasing amount of evidence suggest that signal transduction is inherently connected also to intracellular metabolism through protein-metabolite interactions (PMIs) between metabolites and proteins of the signal transduction pathways. All the eukaryotes present conserved pathway for the sensing of carbon and nitrogen sources responsible for the coordination of cell growth with its nutritional state. Metabolites belonging to the upper glycolysis strongly influence PKA and Snf1/AMPK/SnRK1 activation state in yeast and mammalian and plants cells. In the meanwhile, components of the TORC1 pathway result to be the center of interaction for the sensing of amino acids availability. Interestingly, the crosstalk between Snf1/AMPK and Ras/PKA pathways, as well as glucose regulation of Snf1/AMPK activity in yeast is not completely understood yet. In the present thesis, we demonstrate that Snf1/AMPK and Ras/PKA pathway are independently controlled by glucose metabolism through the synthesis of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, respectively. Hence, we proved that Snf1/AMPK activation state is controlled by glucose transport rate and not by glucose availability, providing evidence suggesting that glucose 6-phosphate may directly interact with Snf1 complex and enhance the exposure to phosphatases of the phosphorylated regulatory threonine (T210). Nutrients also have a strong impact on cellular aging and eukaryotic microorganisms or simple pluricellular organisms can be useful model organisms for the study of the aging process. In a collaborative study, we evaluated the properties of the bean Vigna unguicolata as functional food ameliorating aging and neurodegeneration. Bean extracts extend the life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells. Furthermore, bean extracts also showed neuroprotective properties, reducing the in vitro aggregation of α-synuclein and decreasing the age-related degeneration of cephalic dopaminergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate new putative approaches for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A preliminary study showed that the coupling of SNF1 deletion with methionine supplementation rewires yeast metabolism and reduces its proliferation. Being methionine and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism mainly active in the liver, we investigated whether AMKP inhibition coupled with a high methionine dosage can ameliorate the phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. These conditions increased the activity of the TCA cycle and the amount of ATP derived from respiration. Furthermore, this reduction of the Warburg phenotype was associated with a reduction of the aggressiveness of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7. S-adenosylmethionine is also an important fine chemical used in the treatment of alcoholism and depression or for the synthesis of melatonin, antibiotics and flavonoids. In the last part of this thesis, I present the advancement of the engineering of the environmental bacteria Pseudomonas putida for the overproduction of SAM. To pursue this goal, we designed a feedback-free inducible pathway to duplicate SAM production pathways in P. putida and coupling it with the TCA cycle. The building of this engineered strain forced us to deal with the robustness of P. putida central carbon metabolism and to investigate possible anaplerotic reaction replenishing the TCA cycle. This allowed us to gain useful details on the regulation of the TCA metabolism in P. putida and highlighted that information acquire in enterobacteria Escherichia coli are not always translatable to other type of bacteria.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Metabolism and signaling crosstalk regulate nutrients perception and mitochondrial respiration in eukaryotic model systems
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Doctoral thesis
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17.59 MB
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