The gut microbiota is recognized as a key factor in human health, so the search for strategies to improve its balance is an emerging field of interest. Probiotic bacteria could stimulate the immune system and control microbiota composition. Instead, prebiotics support probiotics in the intestinal environment. Indeed, a prebiotic is not digestible by human enzymes but is available for peculiar bacteria. Prebiotics and probiotics could be combined as synbiotics, expecting the enhancement of probiotic survival and growth thanks to prebiotics, to obtain the maximum benefit for human health. The PhD project aims to characterize probiotics balancing the gut microbiota and improving human health, and to identify new prebiotics, tested through in vivo and in vitro models. At least one synbiotic will be designed and its beneficial effects evaluated. Strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were characterized for their probiotic properties. Their fermentation abilities were tested on commercial inulin and FOS differing for the DP. The strains preferentially used short- and medium-chain FOS as growth substrate. The deepest study of L. plantarum PBS067 revealed the ability to produce a bacteriocin-like molecule, with broad spectrum activity and effects on human intestinal cell lines. The synbiotic formulation designed consisted of Lactobacillus plantarum PBS067, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis PBS075 and Lactobacillus acidophilus PBS066 as probiotics, plus the suitable FOS as prebiotics. Its efficacy was tested on healthy elderly subjects randomly assigned to receive the prebiotic, the synbiotic, or the placebo once daily for 28 days. The study duration was 56 days and at the baseline, after 28 days of administration, and after 28 days of follow-up, the gut microbiota composition and the levels of selected biomarkers were recorded. Analysing the microbiota taxonomic profiles, an enrichment of the community linked to a significant change in the SCFAs producer strains was evidenced after the synbiotic intervention. The results on the wellbeing suggested the synbiotic effectiveness in reducing the CID symptoms incidence linked to a positive stimulation of the gut immune system. An extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake) mushroom was assessed for the prebiotic potential. The growths of the probiotics, also combined as a probiotic consortium, were comparable to those on low DP FOS, so the mushroom was considered a prebiotic. The metabolites produced after Maitake fermentation were collected and analyzed via GC-MSD. Their administration to healthy and cancerogenic human colorectal cell lines led to a decrease in tumoral cell viability, and to a protective effect from oxidative stress. An in vitro reconstructed gut microbiota was developed and validated mimicking the previously used synbiotic. The growth was monitored as increase of OD600nm and through the analysis of the metabolites, while the modulations of single strain abundances were assessed through qPCR. Maitake extract was used as prebiotic instead of FOS. The most modulated bacteria were E. coli and L. plantarum and the SCFAs were detected.
Il microbiota intestinale è riconosciuto come un fattore chiave per la salute umana, quindi la ricerca di strategie per migliorarne l'equilibrio è un campo di interesse emergente. I batteri probiotici possono stimolare il sistema immunitario e controllare la composizione del microbiota stesso. Invece, i prebiotici supportano i probiotici nell'ambiente intestinale. Infatti, un prebiotico non è digeribile dagli enzimi umani ma è disponibile per specifici batteri. Prebiotici e probiotici possono essere combinati insieme come synbiotici, in modo da migliorare la sopravvivenza e la crescita dei probiotici grazie ai prebiotici, per ottenere il massimo beneficio per la salute umana. Il progetto di dottorato ha come obiettivi la caratterizzazione di batteri probiotici che possano bilanciare il microbiota intestinale e migliorare la salute umana, e l’identificazione di nuovi prebiotici, testati attraverso modelli in vivo e in vitro. Verrà progettato almeno un simbiotico e valutati i suoi effetti benefici. I ceppi di Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium sono stati caratterizzati per le loro proprietà probiotiche. Le loro capacità di fermentazione sono state testate su inuline commerciali e FOS differenti per il DP. I ceppi utilizzano preferibilmente FOS a catena corta e media come substrato di crescita. Inoltre, lo studio più approfondito di Lactobacillus plantarum PBS067 ha rivelato la capacità del ceppo di produrre una molecola batteriocina-like, con attività ad ampio spettro ed effetti sulle linee cellulari intestinali umane. La formulazione synbiotica progettata consiste in L. plantarum PBS067, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis PBS075 e Lactobacillus acidophilus PBS066 come probiotici, più i FOS adatti come prebiotici. La sua efficacia è stata testata su soggetti anziani sani assegnati in modo casuale a ricevere il prebiotico, il simbiotico o il placebo una volta al giorno per 28 giorni. La durata dello studio è stata di 56 giorni e all’inizio, dopo 28 giorni di somministrazione e dopo 28 giorni di follow-up, sono stati registrati la composizione del microbiota intestinale e i livelli di biomarcatori selezionati. Analizzando i profili tassonomici del microbiota, è stato evidenziato un arricchimento della comunità legato a un cambiamento significativo nei ceppi produttori di SCFAs dopo l'intervento simbiotico. I risultati sul benessere hanno suggerito l'efficacia del synbiotico nel ridurre l'incidenza dei sintomi CID legati ad una stimolazione positiva del sistema immunitario intestinale. Un estratto del fungo Grifola frondosa (Maitake) è stato valutato per il potenziale prebiotico. Le crescite dei probiotici, anche combinati in consorzio probiotico, erano paragonabili a quelle su FOS a basso DP, quindi il fungo è stato considerato un prebiotico. I metaboliti prodotti dopo la fermentazione di Maitake sono stati raccolti e analizzati tramite GC-MSD. La loro somministrazione a linee cellulari del colon-retto umane sane e cancerogene ha portato a una diminuzione della vitalità delle cellule tumorali e a un effetto protettivo dallo stress ossidativo. Infine, è stato sviluppato un microbiota intestinale ricostruito in vitro e convalidato imitando l’intervento synbiotico utilizzato in precedenza. La crescita dei batteri è stata monitorata come aumento di OD600nm e attraverso l'analisi dei metaboliti, mentre le modulazioni delle abbondanze dei singoli ceppi sono state valutate mediante qPCR. L'estratto di Maitake è stato usato come prebiotico al posto del FOS. I batteri più modulati sono risultati E. coli e L. plantarum e sono stati rilevati gli SCFAs.
(2022). Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on gut microbiota and human health. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on gut microbiota and human health
DE GIANI, ALESSANDRA
2022
Abstract
The gut microbiota is recognized as a key factor in human health, so the search for strategies to improve its balance is an emerging field of interest. Probiotic bacteria could stimulate the immune system and control microbiota composition. Instead, prebiotics support probiotics in the intestinal environment. Indeed, a prebiotic is not digestible by human enzymes but is available for peculiar bacteria. Prebiotics and probiotics could be combined as synbiotics, expecting the enhancement of probiotic survival and growth thanks to prebiotics, to obtain the maximum benefit for human health. The PhD project aims to characterize probiotics balancing the gut microbiota and improving human health, and to identify new prebiotics, tested through in vivo and in vitro models. At least one synbiotic will be designed and its beneficial effects evaluated. Strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were characterized for their probiotic properties. Their fermentation abilities were tested on commercial inulin and FOS differing for the DP. The strains preferentially used short- and medium-chain FOS as growth substrate. The deepest study of L. plantarum PBS067 revealed the ability to produce a bacteriocin-like molecule, with broad spectrum activity and effects on human intestinal cell lines. The synbiotic formulation designed consisted of Lactobacillus plantarum PBS067, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis PBS075 and Lactobacillus acidophilus PBS066 as probiotics, plus the suitable FOS as prebiotics. Its efficacy was tested on healthy elderly subjects randomly assigned to receive the prebiotic, the synbiotic, or the placebo once daily for 28 days. The study duration was 56 days and at the baseline, after 28 days of administration, and after 28 days of follow-up, the gut microbiota composition and the levels of selected biomarkers were recorded. Analysing the microbiota taxonomic profiles, an enrichment of the community linked to a significant change in the SCFAs producer strains was evidenced after the synbiotic intervention. The results on the wellbeing suggested the synbiotic effectiveness in reducing the CID symptoms incidence linked to a positive stimulation of the gut immune system. An extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake) mushroom was assessed for the prebiotic potential. The growths of the probiotics, also combined as a probiotic consortium, were comparable to those on low DP FOS, so the mushroom was considered a prebiotic. The metabolites produced after Maitake fermentation were collected and analyzed via GC-MSD. Their administration to healthy and cancerogenic human colorectal cell lines led to a decrease in tumoral cell viability, and to a protective effect from oxidative stress. An in vitro reconstructed gut microbiota was developed and validated mimicking the previously used synbiotic. The growth was monitored as increase of OD600nm and through the analysis of the metabolites, while the modulations of single strain abundances were assessed through qPCR. Maitake extract was used as prebiotic instead of FOS. The most modulated bacteria were E. coli and L. plantarum and the SCFAs were detected.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_766657.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi Alessandra De Giani
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Doctoral thesis
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