Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an idiopathic motor neuron disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy, limb paralysis, and finally respiratory failure. The pathophysiology of ALS seems multifactorial but remain largely unknown, leading to limited availability of effective therapies. Therefore, there is a strong need to characterize new treatments that not only alleviate symptoms, but also improve survival and quality of life. In this research we focused on the potential therapeutic effects of three drugs belonging to the family of the growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs). The GHSs are endowed with several endocrine and extraendocrine effects that are at least in part mediated by binding to GHS-R1a, the receptor of ghrelin. In particular, we have selected three well-characterized compounds: (i) hexarelin, an agonist of GHS-R1a, which exerts cyto-protective effects at the mitochondrial level in cardiac and skeletal muscles, and could have neuroprotective effects; (ii) JMV2894, an agonist of GHS-R1a, which stimulates Ca2+ mobilization in vitro and growth hormone release in vivo, and modulates mitochondria functioning and ROS production; (iii) EP80317, an antagonist of GHS-R1a and agonist of CD36, which modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, exerts anticonvulsant activities and has cardio-protective effects. The first objective of this study was to determine the cyto-protective capacity of hexarelin, JMV2894 and EP80317 in Neuro-2A cells subjected to oxidative stress. Neuro-2A cells were incubated for 24 h with H2O2 or with the combination of H2O2 and GHSs to monitor their effects through the quantification of (i) cell viability, (ii) NO2- release, (iii) changes in cellular morphology, (iv) apoptotic response and (v) MAPK and Akt pathways. In a second group of experiments, the same treatments were used on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells overexpressing the wild type (WT) SOD1 enzyme, or the SOD1G93A mutated protein. In Neuro-2A and SH-SY5Y cells, both hexarelin and JMV2894 were effective in antagonizing the effects of H2O2 by (i) increasing cell viability, (ii) reducing NO2- release, (iii) restoring cell morphology. Hexarelin and JMV2894 reduced apoptotic pathways and modulated the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK 1/2 and p38, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. The specificity of GHS effects is demonstrated by the absence of significant effects of EP80317 treatments on all the previous parameters in the previous three cellular models. In SH-SY5Y WT cells, hexarelin was more effective than JMV2894 in antagonizing the effects of H2O2. Interestingly, In SH-SY5Y SOD1G93A cells, the effects of hexarelin and JMV2894 were blunted compared to those measured in SH-SY5Y WT cells. It is possible that in these cells the levels of oxidative stress induced by the combination of H2O2 treatment and SOD1G93A mutation was too high to be counteracted by hexarelin and JMV2894 treatments. In the next series of experiments, we have studied the role of cellular communication between neurons and glial cells in modulating the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. To this aim, we have treated N9 microglial cells with hexarelin or JMV2894 for 48 h and then isolated extracellular vescicles (EVs) from the conditioned culture media. The preliminary results obtained suggest that EVs released from cells stimulated with specific GHSs may have potential beneficial effects for neuronal survival and could be a promising strategy for the modulation of oxidative stress. In conclusion, our results demonstrate neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of hexarelin and JMV2894, suggesting that new GHS analogues could be developed for their neuroprotective effects. Further studies are needed to better investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of EVs-derived from conditioned media of N9 cells stimulated with selected GHSs.

La Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica (SLA) è una malattia idiopatica del motoneurone caratterizzata dalla progressiva degenerazione dei motoneuroni superiori ed inferiori, che porta a atrofia muscolare, paralisi degli arti e arresto respiratorio. Essendo una patologia multifattoriale, ad oggi non esistono terapie efficaci ma soltanto dei trattamenti sintomatologici. Pertanto, è necessario identificare nuovi composti che possano migliorare l’aspettativa e la qualità di vita del paziente. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è stato quello di valutare i potenziali effetti terapeutici dei Growth Hormone Secretagogues (GHS), una famiglia di composti dotati sia di effetti endocrini che extraendocrini, generalmente mediati dal legame con il recettore di ghrelin (GHS-R1a). Abbiamo quindi selezionato tre composti ben caratterizzati nel nostro laboratorio: (i) hexarelin, un agonista del recettore GHS-R1a, dotato di effetti protettivi sul muscolo cardiaco e scheletrico, e di effetti neuro-protettivi; (ii) JMV2894 il cui legame con il recettore GHS-R1a stimola il rilascio di Ca2+ intracellulare in vitro e dell’ormone della crescita in vivo; (iii) EP80317, un antagonista del GHS-R1a ma agonista del recettore CD36, in grado di modulare la produzione di citochine infiammatorie e dotato di effetti anticonvulsivanti e cardioprotettivi. Il primo obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di determinare le capacità protettive di hexarelin, JMV2894 e EP80317 nelle cellule Neuro-2A trattate per 24 h con H2O2 o con l’associazione di H2O2 e GHS. In un secondo gruppo di esperimenti, gli stessi trattamenti sono stati utilizzati sulle linee cellulari di SH-SY5Y over-esprimenti la forma wild-type dell’enzima SOD1, o la forma mutata SOD1G93A. Nelle cellule Neuro-2A e SH-SY5Y, sia hexarelin che JMV2894 hanno antagonizzato gli effetti di H2O2 (i) aumentando la vitalità cellulare, (ii) riducendo il rilascio di NO2-, (iii) riportando le cellule alla normale morfologia. Hexarelin e JMV2894 hanno ridotto il meccanismo apoptotico e modulato l’attivazione delle mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK 1/2 e p38, e del phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. La specificità degli effetti dei due GHS è stata dimostrata dall’assenza di effetti significativi del trattamento con EP80317 su tutti i parametri valutati e in tutte le linee cellulari in studio. È interessante sottolineare come nelle cellule SH-SY5Y SOD1G93A, gli effetti di hexarelin e JMV2894 siano ridotti rispetto alla linea SH-SY5Y WT. È ipotizzabile che la minore efficacia dei composti in questa linea cellulare sia dovuta all’elevato livello di stress ossidativo causato dal trattamento con H2O2 e dalla presenta dell’enzima SOD1 mutato, che possiede un aumentato potere ossidativo. Nella serie successiva di esperimenti, abbiamo studiato il ruolo della comunicazione intercellulare fra neuroni e cellule gliali nella modulazione della neurodegenerazione. A tal fine, abbiamo trattato le cellule microgliali N9 con hexarelin o JMV2894 per 48 h e isolato le vescicole extracellulari (VE) dal terreno di crescita. I risultati preliminari ottenuti suggeriscono che i GHS inducono un aumento di rilascio di VE e che queste ultime esercitano degli effetti protettivi. In conclusione, i nostri risultati hanno dimostrato che hexarelin e JMV2894 possiedono effetti neuroprotettivi e anti-apoptotici. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per (i) identificare nuovi analoghi più promettenti e (ii) comprendere gli effetti anti-infiammatori e neuroprotettivi delle VE rilasciate dalle cellule microgliali stimolate con i GHS.

(2022). Selected growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) as disease modifiers in models of neurodegenerative diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a proof-of-concept study. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

Selected growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) as disease modifiers in models of neurodegenerative diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a proof-of-concept study

MEANTI, RAMONA
2022

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an idiopathic motor neuron disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy, limb paralysis, and finally respiratory failure. The pathophysiology of ALS seems multifactorial but remain largely unknown, leading to limited availability of effective therapies. Therefore, there is a strong need to characterize new treatments that not only alleviate symptoms, but also improve survival and quality of life. In this research we focused on the potential therapeutic effects of three drugs belonging to the family of the growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs). The GHSs are endowed with several endocrine and extraendocrine effects that are at least in part mediated by binding to GHS-R1a, the receptor of ghrelin. In particular, we have selected three well-characterized compounds: (i) hexarelin, an agonist of GHS-R1a, which exerts cyto-protective effects at the mitochondrial level in cardiac and skeletal muscles, and could have neuroprotective effects; (ii) JMV2894, an agonist of GHS-R1a, which stimulates Ca2+ mobilization in vitro and growth hormone release in vivo, and modulates mitochondria functioning and ROS production; (iii) EP80317, an antagonist of GHS-R1a and agonist of CD36, which modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, exerts anticonvulsant activities and has cardio-protective effects. The first objective of this study was to determine the cyto-protective capacity of hexarelin, JMV2894 and EP80317 in Neuro-2A cells subjected to oxidative stress. Neuro-2A cells were incubated for 24 h with H2O2 or with the combination of H2O2 and GHSs to monitor their effects through the quantification of (i) cell viability, (ii) NO2- release, (iii) changes in cellular morphology, (iv) apoptotic response and (v) MAPK and Akt pathways. In a second group of experiments, the same treatments were used on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells overexpressing the wild type (WT) SOD1 enzyme, or the SOD1G93A mutated protein. In Neuro-2A and SH-SY5Y cells, both hexarelin and JMV2894 were effective in antagonizing the effects of H2O2 by (i) increasing cell viability, (ii) reducing NO2- release, (iii) restoring cell morphology. Hexarelin and JMV2894 reduced apoptotic pathways and modulated the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK 1/2 and p38, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. The specificity of GHS effects is demonstrated by the absence of significant effects of EP80317 treatments on all the previous parameters in the previous three cellular models. In SH-SY5Y WT cells, hexarelin was more effective than JMV2894 in antagonizing the effects of H2O2. Interestingly, In SH-SY5Y SOD1G93A cells, the effects of hexarelin and JMV2894 were blunted compared to those measured in SH-SY5Y WT cells. It is possible that in these cells the levels of oxidative stress induced by the combination of H2O2 treatment and SOD1G93A mutation was too high to be counteracted by hexarelin and JMV2894 treatments. In the next series of experiments, we have studied the role of cellular communication between neurons and glial cells in modulating the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. To this aim, we have treated N9 microglial cells with hexarelin or JMV2894 for 48 h and then isolated extracellular vescicles (EVs) from the conditioned culture media. The preliminary results obtained suggest that EVs released from cells stimulated with specific GHSs may have potential beneficial effects for neuronal survival and could be a promising strategy for the modulation of oxidative stress. In conclusion, our results demonstrate neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of hexarelin and JMV2894, suggesting that new GHS analogues could be developed for their neuroprotective effects. Further studies are needed to better investigate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of EVs-derived from conditioned media of N9 cells stimulated with selected GHSs.
TORSELLO, ANTONIO BIAGIO
TREMOLIZZO, LUCIO
SLA; Neurodegenerazione; Stress ossidativo; GHS; SOD1
ALS; Neurodegeneration; Oxidative stress; GHS; SOD1
BIO/14 - FARMACOLOGIA
English
25-gen-2022
NEUROSCIENZE
34
2020/2021
open
(2022). Selected growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) as disease modifiers in models of neurodegenerative diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a proof-of-concept study. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Descrizione: Selected Growth Hormone Secretagogues (GHSs) as disease modifiers in models of neurodegenerative diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a proof-of-concept study
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/365447
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