Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination. The main pathological phenotypes are Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS) and Primary Progressive (PPMS) - the latter being the most severe form. Ajami B. et al. have shown that in the mouse model affected by Encephalomyelitis (EAE) - the animal model of MS- there is a strong correlation between the presence of monocytes at the level of the CNS and the worsening of the motor symptoms typical of the disease. Based on this evidence, blood samples from HC, RRMS and PPMS -all female- were collected for our study and CD14+ monocytes were isolated. Microarray experiments were conducted on these samples and subsequently qRT-PCR was performed. Bioinformatics analysis showed that RRMS distributed in two groups: one group (RR1) had similar trend to HC, the other group (RR2) had similar trend to PPMS. Gene Ontology showed that the most deregulated biological processes were those of Inflammation and Cholesterol. In addition to these patients, a second cohort of RRMS and PPMS was validated by qRT-PCR. Validation by qRT-PCR confirmed that the genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were deregulated in patients of both cohorts, but with specific patient-based differences. In fact, for both RRMS and PPMS, differences in expression levels of the same gene could be appreciated even among patients with the same clinical phenotype. This deregulation at the metabolic level, allowed us to hypothesize that the monocytes of these patients may have a phenotype consistent with the recently discovered Trained Immunity (TI). By TI is meant the memory of innate immunity: monocytes come into contact with a primary stimulus would retain memory of such "encounter", reacting more violently - and in the case of Multiple Sclerosis in an autoimmune way - to a second stimulation as could be an inflammatory stimulus. The first stimulus may be either a vaccine or molecules such as mevalonate (intermediate cholesterol biosynthesis), β-Glucan, and oxidized LDL (oxLDL). To verify this hypothesis, we tested the expression of genes that may be involved in IT, including CD36, SR-A, OLR1 - linked to oxLDL- NLRP3 and DECTIN-1 (the latter is the β-Glucan receptor). The most deregulated were OLR1 and DECTIN-1, but in a different way between the two cohorts. In particular, cohort 1 is more deregulated. For inflammatory pathways, however, the same deregulation was not observed in cohort 1 and cohort 2. Cohort 1 tended to be more inflamed than cohort 2, particularly for TNFα, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CXCL8 genes. Following these molecular results, a possible in vitro model was developed. By stimulating Thp1 (immortalized human monocytes) with LPC (main component of oxLDL) a corresponding up-regulation of both cholesterol genes and inflammatory genes (NLRP3, TNFα) was observed, confirming that inflammation and cholesterol travel hand in hand. Finally, on cohort 1 patients analyzed with microarrays, miRNome analysis was carried out and identified miRNAs related to cholesterol genes. In view of these findings, where cohort 1 has been better characterized than cohort 2, it is suggested a personalized approach starting from a molecular signature, in order to define the profile of each patient. In addition, this study suggests that for at least subtypes of patients with MS, statin treatment could be an important aid in improving symptoms.
La Sclerosi Multipla (MS) è una patologia autoimmune cronica che colpisce il sistema nervoso centrale (SNC) determinando demielinizzazione. I principali fenotipi patologici sono Recidivante-Remittente (RRMS) e Primariamente Progressiva (PPMS) – quest’ultima è la forme più grave. Ajami B. et al. hanno dimostrato che nel modello murino affetto da Encefalomielite (EAE) - il modello animale di MS- vi è una forte correlazione tra la presenza di monociti a livello del SNC ed il peggioramento dei sintomi motori tipici della malattia. Partendo da queste evidenze , per il nostro studio sono stati prelevati campioni di sangue da HC, RRMS e PPMS -tutte femmine- per poi isolare i monociti CD14+. Su tali campioni sono stati condotti esperimenti microarray e successivamente qRT-PCR. L’analisi bioinformatica ha evidenziato che gli RRMS si distribuivano formando due gruppi: un gruppo (RR1) si distribuiva similmente agli HC, l’altro (RR2) si distribuiva similmente ai PPMS. Dalla Gene Ontology è emerso che i processi biologici maggiormente deregolati erano quelli di Infiammazione e Colesterolo. In aggiunta a questi pazienti, è stata validata tramite qRT-PCR una seconda coorte di RRMS e PPMS. La validazione tramite qRT-PCR ha confermato che i geni coinvolti nella biosintesi del colesterolo sono deregolati nei pazienti di entrambe le coorti, ma con specifiche differenze basate sul paziente. Infatti, sia per gli RRMS che per i PPMS si sono potute apprezzare differenze nei livelli di espressione dello stesso gene anche tra i pazienti con lo stesso fenotipo clinico. Questa deregolazione a livello metabolico, ha permesso di ipotizzare che i monociti di questi pazienti possano avere un fenotipo concordante con la Trained Immunity (TI), recentemente scoperta. Per TI si intende la memoria dell’immunità innata: monociti venuti in contatto con uno stimolo primario conserverebbero memoria di tale “incontro” reagendo in maniera più violenta ad una seconda stimolazione come potrebbe essere uno stimolo infiammatorio. Il primo stimolo può essere indifferentemente un vaccino o molecole come mevalonato (intermedio della biosintesi del colesterolo), β-Glucano e LDL ossidato (oxLDL). Per verificare questa ipotesi abbiamo testato l’espressione di geni che possono essere coinvolti nella TI, tra cui CD36, SR-A, OLR1 – collegati all’oxLDL- NLRP3, DECTIN-1 (codifica per il recettore del β-Glucano) e KDM6B (legato a modificazioni epigenetiche). I più deregolati sono risultati essere OLR1 e DECTIN-1, ma in modo diverso tra le due coorti. In particolare, la coorte 1 risulta più deregolata. Per quanto riguarda il pathway infiammatorio, invece, non è stata osservata la stessa deregolazione nella coorte 1 e nella coorte 2. La coorte 1 è risultata tendenzialmente più infiammata rispetto alla coorte 2, in particolare per i geni TNFα, CXCL2, CXCL3 e CXCL8. A seguito di questi risultati molecolari, si è proceduto con la messa a punto di un possibile modello in vitro. Stimolando ThP1 (monociti umani immortalizzati) con LPC (componente principale dell’oxLDL) si è osservata una corrispondente up-regolazione sia dei geni del colesterolo che dei geni infiammatori (NLRP3, TNFα), confermando di fatto che Infiammazione e Colesterolo viaggiano di pari passo. Per finire, sui pazienti della coorte 1 analizzati con microarray, è stata effettuata l’analisi del miRnoma che ha identificato miRNA collegati ai geni del colesterolo. Alla luce di questi risultati, dove è stato possibile caratterizzare meglio la coorte 1 che la coorte 2, e date le differenze riscontrate anche tra pazienti dello stesso fenotipo clinico di MS, si suggerisce un approccio di tipo personalizzato partendo da una signature molecolare, in modo da definire il profilo di ogni paziente. Inoltre, questo studio suggerisce che per almeno dei sottotipi di pazienti con MS, un trattamento con statine potrebbe essere un importante aiuto nel miglioramento dei sintomi.
(2022). Specific Signatures in Peripheral Blood Monocytes Stratify Multiple Sclerosis Patients Phenotypes. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Specific Signatures in Peripheral Blood Monocytes Stratify Multiple Sclerosis Patients Phenotypes
SAVINETTI, ILENIA
2022
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination. The main pathological phenotypes are Relapsing-Remitting (RRMS) and Primary Progressive (PPMS) - the latter being the most severe form. Ajami B. et al. have shown that in the mouse model affected by Encephalomyelitis (EAE) - the animal model of MS- there is a strong correlation between the presence of monocytes at the level of the CNS and the worsening of the motor symptoms typical of the disease. Based on this evidence, blood samples from HC, RRMS and PPMS -all female- were collected for our study and CD14+ monocytes were isolated. Microarray experiments were conducted on these samples and subsequently qRT-PCR was performed. Bioinformatics analysis showed that RRMS distributed in two groups: one group (RR1) had similar trend to HC, the other group (RR2) had similar trend to PPMS. Gene Ontology showed that the most deregulated biological processes were those of Inflammation and Cholesterol. In addition to these patients, a second cohort of RRMS and PPMS was validated by qRT-PCR. Validation by qRT-PCR confirmed that the genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were deregulated in patients of both cohorts, but with specific patient-based differences. In fact, for both RRMS and PPMS, differences in expression levels of the same gene could be appreciated even among patients with the same clinical phenotype. This deregulation at the metabolic level, allowed us to hypothesize that the monocytes of these patients may have a phenotype consistent with the recently discovered Trained Immunity (TI). By TI is meant the memory of innate immunity: monocytes come into contact with a primary stimulus would retain memory of such "encounter", reacting more violently - and in the case of Multiple Sclerosis in an autoimmune way - to a second stimulation as could be an inflammatory stimulus. The first stimulus may be either a vaccine or molecules such as mevalonate (intermediate cholesterol biosynthesis), β-Glucan, and oxidized LDL (oxLDL). To verify this hypothesis, we tested the expression of genes that may be involved in IT, including CD36, SR-A, OLR1 - linked to oxLDL- NLRP3 and DECTIN-1 (the latter is the β-Glucan receptor). The most deregulated were OLR1 and DECTIN-1, but in a different way between the two cohorts. In particular, cohort 1 is more deregulated. For inflammatory pathways, however, the same deregulation was not observed in cohort 1 and cohort 2. Cohort 1 tended to be more inflamed than cohort 2, particularly for TNFα, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CXCL8 genes. Following these molecular results, a possible in vitro model was developed. By stimulating Thp1 (immortalized human monocytes) with LPC (main component of oxLDL) a corresponding up-regulation of both cholesterol genes and inflammatory genes (NLRP3, TNFα) was observed, confirming that inflammation and cholesterol travel hand in hand. Finally, on cohort 1 patients analyzed with microarrays, miRNome analysis was carried out and identified miRNAs related to cholesterol genes. In view of these findings, where cohort 1 has been better characterized than cohort 2, it is suggested a personalized approach starting from a molecular signature, in order to define the profile of each patient. In addition, this study suggests that for at least subtypes of patients with MS, statin treatment could be an important aid in improving symptoms.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Specific Signatures in Peripheral Blood Monocytes Stratify Multiple Sclerosis Patients Phenotypes
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Doctoral thesis
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