Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder supported by recurrent episodes of brain electrical dysfunctions called epileptic seizures. The involvement of HCN (Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated) ion channels in the epileptogenesis process has recently been highlighted. This study presents the case of a patient with drug-resistant progressive epileptic encephalopathy. Clinically, the disease is characterized by severe developmental delay, ataxia, dystonia, cerebral visual impairment. Genetic analysis revealed the presence in the DNA of the patient a missense mutation in the HCN2 gene which causes an amino acid substitution at the level of the Glycine residue in position 460 of the transmembrane segment S6 (p.Gly460Asp). Experiments conducted with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique on HEK293 cells and primary cultures of cortical neurons from neonatal rats showed a significant reduction in the ion current density when the mutation was present. Furthermore, the excitability of the neuronal membrane was also altered. Immunofluorescence experiments suggest an impairment of the translocation of the membrane-mutated HCN2 protein, which appears to accumulate in a peri-nuclear position. Furthermore, the mutated protein p.Gly460Asp also had negative effects on the functionality of the HCN1 channel, with which HCN2 forms functional heteromers. Therefore, this mutation causes a loss-of-function of the protein involved and, potentially, it also has an effect on the general control of neuronal excitability. The data obtained are part of a manuscript that will be submitted shortly. The patient showed an excellent clinical response to the ketogenic diet, a high fat and low carbohydrates diet which, through the β-oxidation of fatty acids, leads to the hepatic production of ketone bodies, used in many extra-hepatic tissues as a source of energy and as pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory agents. Ketogenic regimen can improve the clinical condition of patients affect the organism as a whole. For these reasons, a line of research conducted has focused on the effects of the ketogenic environment on a neuronal culture and in particular on the characterization of the p.Gly460Asp mutation. The interest in the positive effects of the ketogenic diet on epileptic patients led to the publication of a review (Murano C, et al. Effect of the ketogenic diet in excitable tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021; 320 (4): C547-C553. Doi: 10.1152 / ajpcell.00458.2020. PMID: 33502948), while for the experimental section, the data are part of a manuscript currently in preparation. Developmental epileptic encephalopathy is also associated with variants in voltage-dependent potassium channels of the subfamily Q member 2 (KCNQ2). Thanks to an existing collaboration with Prof. Taglialatela at the Federico II University of Naples, the p.G310S variant in the KCNQ2 gene, responsible for early onset epileptic encephalopathy, has been functionally characterized in a CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cell model and in a model of cortical neurons derived from neonatal rats resulting in a loss-of-function. The patient carrying the mutation showed a complete disorganization of the background activity in the electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The "burst-suppression pattern" shown in the EEG improved after treatment with Gabapentin, a channel activator. Based on this clinical improvement, the effects of Gabapentin on p.G310S mutation were investigated providing evidence of the positive effect of this specific drug in the treatment of developmental epileptic encephalopathy caused by loss-of-function mutations by KCNQ2. Again, the results obtained have been recently published (Soldovieri MV, et al. Gabapentin treatment in a patient with KCNQ2 developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 160: 105200. Doi: 10.1016 / j.phrs.2020.105200. PMID : 32942014).
L’epilessia è un disturbo neurologico caratterizzato da episodi ricorrenti di disfunzioni elettriche cerebrali chiamate crisi epilettiche. Il coinvolgimento dei canali ionici HCN (Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated) nel processo di epilettogenesi è stato recentemente messo in evidenza. Questo studio presenta il caso di un paziente affetto da encefalopatia epilettica progressiva farmaco-resistente. La malattia è caratterizzata da un grave ritardo nello sviluppo, atassia, distonia, deficit visivo cerebrale. L’analisi genetica ha riscontrato nel paziente una mutazione missenso a carico del gene HCN2 cha causa una sostituzione amminoacidica a livello del residuo Glicina in posizione 460 del segmento transmembrana S6 (p.Gly460Asp). Esperimenti condotti con la tecnica del patch-clamp in modalità whole-cell su cellule HEK293 e su colture primarie di neuroni corticali di ratti neonatali hanno evidenziato una significativa riduzione della corrente ionica in presenza della mutazione. Inoltre, risulta alterata anche l’eccitabilità della membrana neuronale. Gli esperimenti di immunofluorescenza suggeriscono una compromissione della traslocazione della proteina HCN2 mutata in membrana, la quale sembra accumularsi in posizione peri-nucleare. Inoltre, la proteina mutata p.Gly460Asp ha effetti negativi anche sulla funzionalità del canale HCN1, con il quale HCN2 forma eteromeri funzionali. Si tratta quindi di una mutazione che provoca una loss-of-function della proteina coinvolta e che, potenzialmente, ha effetto anche sul controllo generale dell’eccitabilità neuronale. I dati ottenuti sono parte di un manoscritto che verrà a breve sottomesso. Dal punto di vista farmacologico, il paziente mostra un’eccellente risposta clinica alla dieta chetogenica, un regime alimentare ad alto contenuto di grassi e bassa quantità di carboidrati che, attraverso la β-ossidazione degli acidi grassi, porta alla produzione epatica di corpi chetonici, usati in molti tessuti extra-epatici come fonte di energia e come agenti pleiotropici ad azione anti-infiammatoria. Pertanto, si ritiene che il regime chetogenico possa migliorare le condizioni cliniche dei pazienti influenzando l’organismo nel suo insieme. Per queste ragioni, una linea della ricerca condotta si è concentrata sugli effetti di ambiente chetogenico su una coltura neuronale. L’interesse riguardo gli effetti positivi della dieta chetogenica su pazienti epilettici, ha portato alla pubblicazione di una review (Murano C, et al. Effect of the ketogenic diet in excitable tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;320(4):C547-C553. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00458.2020. PMID: 33502948), mentre per quanto riguarda la sezione sperimentale, i dati sono parte di un manoscritto attualmente in preparazione. L’encefalopatia epilettica dello sviluppo è associata anche a varianti in canali di potassio voltaggio dipendenti della sottofamiglia Q membro 2 (KCNQ2). Grazie ad una collaborazione in essere con l’Università Federico II di Napoli, la variante p.G310S nel gene KCNQ2, responsabile del disturbo, è stata caratterizzata in un modello di cellule CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) e in un modello di neuroni corticali derivanti da ratti neonatali risultando in una loss-of-function. Il paziente portatore della mutazione mostrava una completa disorganizzazione dell’attività di fondo nelle registrazioni elettroencefalografiche (EEG), migliorate dopo trattamento con Gabapentin, un attivatore del canale. Sono stati indagati gli effetti di Gabapentin su questa specifica mutazione p.G310S fornendo prove dell’effetto positivo nel trattamento dell’encefalopatia epilettica dello sviluppo causata da mutazioni loss-of-function a carico di KCNQ2. I risultati ottenuti sono stati recentemente pubblicati (Soldovieri MV, et al. Gabapentin treatment in a patient with KCNQ2 developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Pharmacol Res. 2020;160:105200. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105200. PMID: 32942014).
(2022). Channelopathies and epileptic syndromes: characterization of novel variants associated with progressive epileptic encephalopathy and in vitro validation of therapeutic approaches. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Channelopathies and epileptic syndromes: characterization of novel variants associated with progressive epileptic encephalopathy and in vitro validation of therapeutic approaches
MURANO, CARMEN
2022
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder supported by recurrent episodes of brain electrical dysfunctions called epileptic seizures. The involvement of HCN (Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated) ion channels in the epileptogenesis process has recently been highlighted. This study presents the case of a patient with drug-resistant progressive epileptic encephalopathy. Clinically, the disease is characterized by severe developmental delay, ataxia, dystonia, cerebral visual impairment. Genetic analysis revealed the presence in the DNA of the patient a missense mutation in the HCN2 gene which causes an amino acid substitution at the level of the Glycine residue in position 460 of the transmembrane segment S6 (p.Gly460Asp). Experiments conducted with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique on HEK293 cells and primary cultures of cortical neurons from neonatal rats showed a significant reduction in the ion current density when the mutation was present. Furthermore, the excitability of the neuronal membrane was also altered. Immunofluorescence experiments suggest an impairment of the translocation of the membrane-mutated HCN2 protein, which appears to accumulate in a peri-nuclear position. Furthermore, the mutated protein p.Gly460Asp also had negative effects on the functionality of the HCN1 channel, with which HCN2 forms functional heteromers. Therefore, this mutation causes a loss-of-function of the protein involved and, potentially, it also has an effect on the general control of neuronal excitability. The data obtained are part of a manuscript that will be submitted shortly. The patient showed an excellent clinical response to the ketogenic diet, a high fat and low carbohydrates diet which, through the β-oxidation of fatty acids, leads to the hepatic production of ketone bodies, used in many extra-hepatic tissues as a source of energy and as pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory agents. Ketogenic regimen can improve the clinical condition of patients affect the organism as a whole. For these reasons, a line of research conducted has focused on the effects of the ketogenic environment on a neuronal culture and in particular on the characterization of the p.Gly460Asp mutation. The interest in the positive effects of the ketogenic diet on epileptic patients led to the publication of a review (Murano C, et al. Effect of the ketogenic diet in excitable tissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021; 320 (4): C547-C553. Doi: 10.1152 / ajpcell.00458.2020. PMID: 33502948), while for the experimental section, the data are part of a manuscript currently in preparation. Developmental epileptic encephalopathy is also associated with variants in voltage-dependent potassium channels of the subfamily Q member 2 (KCNQ2). Thanks to an existing collaboration with Prof. Taglialatela at the Federico II University of Naples, the p.G310S variant in the KCNQ2 gene, responsible for early onset epileptic encephalopathy, has been functionally characterized in a CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cell model and in a model of cortical neurons derived from neonatal rats resulting in a loss-of-function. The patient carrying the mutation showed a complete disorganization of the background activity in the electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The "burst-suppression pattern" shown in the EEG improved after treatment with Gabapentin, a channel activator. Based on this clinical improvement, the effects of Gabapentin on p.G310S mutation were investigated providing evidence of the positive effect of this specific drug in the treatment of developmental epileptic encephalopathy caused by loss-of-function mutations by KCNQ2. Again, the results obtained have been recently published (Soldovieri MV, et al. Gabapentin treatment in a patient with KCNQ2 developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Pharmacol Res. 2020; 160: 105200. Doi: 10.1016 / j.phrs.2020.105200. PMID : 32942014).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Channelopathies and epileptic syndromes: characterization of novel variants associated with progressive epileptic encephalopathy and in vitro validation of therapeutic approaches
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Doctoral thesis
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