In sub-Saharan Africa, governments have declared critical thinking skills to be a major educational priority in order to increase global economic competitiveness and to promote economic, political, and cultural independence. The review of the literature showed that in the region, there is a dearth of contextualised approaches to nurturing and assessing critical thinking. The few attempts at empirical studies to enhance critical thinking in low-income contexts have relied solely on pedagogical approaches and assessment instruments imported from other cultural contexts, generating problems with comparability, and lack of familiarity with adaptation and validation processes. This raises questions of cultural relevance. This research had the long-term goal of developing methods for teaching and assessing critical thinking at the classroom level that are relevant to the context. The research was implemented in three phases. The first phase was the literature review to investigate the critical thinking concept and the strategies implemented at global and regional level to enhance and assess critical thinking. The second phase, necessary for the third, aimed to address the knowledge gap surrounding critical thinking in less-resourced regions, and specifically to investigate the conceptualisation of critical thinking in Uganda. The last phase of the study aimed to generate transformative learning in teachers on how to design and implement instructional plans that are capable of activating learners’ critical thinking skills as specific to the various subject domains. The second phase of the research adopted a qualitative design within the tradition of constructionist grounded theory. For the data collection, theoretical sampling was used to select 54 key informants who participated in ethnographic interviews to generate ideas for a contextualised theoretical and operational definition of critical thinking among various stakeholders in Uganda. The findings from that study were instrumental in the development, in the second phase of the research, of a contextualised taxonomy of critical thinking that was relevant for implementing teaching–learning methodologies that foster critical thinking skills and offer teachers tools for assessing learners’ acquisition of these competences. The third phase of the study adopted a professional development action research design; it was implemented in Uganda with 16 secondary school teachers of mathematics, English and history. The results showed how over a period of 7 months, the teachers acquired knowledge of critical thinking skills and enhanced their competence in developing coherent lesson plans that presented teaching strategies that fostered critical thinking skills. The teachers also showed improved ability to reflect on the output of their work in terms of instructional design and lesson delivery, greater levels of mind-openness, and greater readiness to be corrected and to give suggestions to their colleagues. Moreover, they exhibited improved ability to reflect on their teaching strategies to verify the effectiveness of their work in relation to the learners’ competencies and outcomes. The intervention promoted a shift in the teachers’ beliefs and approaches to education, and changed their perspective on what should be taught in class and how. The students participating in the lessons that teachers had designed highlighted that the way teachers implemented the classroom activities kept them engaged throughout the lesson and that teachers’ instructional strategies improved their thinking skills. This study provides evidence that contextualised research-based professional development that is sustained, participatory, and adequately supported can have a significant impact on fostering critical thinking in the classroom.
Nell'Africa subsahariana, i governi hanno dichiarato che lo sviluppo del pensiero critico è una delle principali priorità educative al fine di aumentare la competitività economica globale e promuovere l'indipendenza economica, politica e culturale. La revisione della letteratura ha mostrato che nella regione mancano approcci contestualizzati per coltivare e valutare il pensiero critico. I pochi tentativi di studi empirici per migliorare il pensiero critico in contesti a basso reddito si sono basati esclusivamente su approcci pedagogici e strumenti di valutazione importati da altri contesti culturali, generando problemi di comparabilità e mancanza di familiarità con i processi di adattamento e validazione. Questo solleva questioni di rilevanza culturale. Questa ricerca aveva l'obiettivo a lungo termine di promuovere metodi per l'insegnamento e la valutazione del pensiero critico nell’ambito scolastico che fossero rilevanti per il contesto. La ricerca è stata realizzata in tre fasi. Nella prima fase la revisione della letteratura ha esplorato il concetto di pensiero critico e le strategie implementate a livello globale e regionale per migliorarlo e valutarlo. La seconda fase, propedeutica alla terza, mirava a colmare il divario di conoscenza rispetto al pensiero critico nelle regioni più svantaggiate, e in particolare a indagare la concettualizzazione del pensiero critico in Uganda. L'ultima fase dello studio mirava a generare un apprendimento trasformativo negli insegnanti su come progettare e implementare piani didattici in grado di attivare le capacità critiche degli studenti all’interno della disciplina. La seconda fase della ricerca ha adottato un disegno qualitativo nella tradizione della grounded theory costruzionista. Per la raccolta dei dati, è stato utilizzato un campionamento teorico per selezionare 54 informatori chiave che hanno partecipato a interviste etnografiche per generare una definizione teorica e operativa contestualizzata del pensiero critico tra i vari stakeholder in Uganda. I risultati di tale studio sono stati strumentali allo sviluppo, nella terza fase della ricerca, di una tassonomia contestualizzata del pensiero critico che fosse rilevante per l'implementazione di metodologie di insegnamento-apprendimento che favoriscano il pensiero critico e offrano agli insegnanti strumenti per valutarne l'acquisizione. La terza fase dello studio ha adottato un disegno di ricerca azione formazione. Lo studio è stato implementato in Uganda con 16 insegnanti di matematica, inglese e storia delle scuole secondarie. I risultati hanno mostrato come in un periodo di 7 mesi, gli insegnanti hanno acquisito conoscenze sul pensiero critico e hanno migliorato la loro competenza nella progettazione didattica per promuovere strategie di insegnamento che favoriscano lo sviluppo del pensiero critico. Gli insegnanti hanno migliorato la capacità di riflettere sui risultati del loro, hanno mostrato maggiore apertura mentale e una maggiore disponibilità a essere corretti e a dare suggerimenti ai loro colleghi. Inoltre, hanno migliorato la capacità di riflettere sulle loro strategie di insegnamento per verificare l'efficacia del loro lavoro in relazione alle competenze e ai risultati degli studenti. L'intervento ha promosso un cambiamento nelle credenze e negli approcci pedagogici degli insegnanti e ha cambiato la loro prospettiva sul significato dell’educazione scolastica. Gli studenti che hanno partecipato alle lezioni hanno evidenziato che il modo in cui gli insegnanti hanno implementato le attività in classe li ha tenuti impegnati per tutta la lezione e che queste strategie didattiche hanno migliorato il loro pensiero critico. Questo studio fornisce la prova che uno sviluppo professionale contestualizzato basato sulla ricerca che è sostenuto, partecipativo e adeguatamente supportato può avere un impatto significativo sulla promozione del pensiero critico in classe.
(2022). A contextualised approach to understanding and fostering critical thinking in Ugandan secondary schools: Evidence from a teacher professional development action research study. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
A contextualised approach to understanding and fostering critical thinking in Ugandan secondary schools: Evidence from a teacher professional development action research study
GIACOMAZZI, MAURO
2022
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, governments have declared critical thinking skills to be a major educational priority in order to increase global economic competitiveness and to promote economic, political, and cultural independence. The review of the literature showed that in the region, there is a dearth of contextualised approaches to nurturing and assessing critical thinking. The few attempts at empirical studies to enhance critical thinking in low-income contexts have relied solely on pedagogical approaches and assessment instruments imported from other cultural contexts, generating problems with comparability, and lack of familiarity with adaptation and validation processes. This raises questions of cultural relevance. This research had the long-term goal of developing methods for teaching and assessing critical thinking at the classroom level that are relevant to the context. The research was implemented in three phases. The first phase was the literature review to investigate the critical thinking concept and the strategies implemented at global and regional level to enhance and assess critical thinking. The second phase, necessary for the third, aimed to address the knowledge gap surrounding critical thinking in less-resourced regions, and specifically to investigate the conceptualisation of critical thinking in Uganda. The last phase of the study aimed to generate transformative learning in teachers on how to design and implement instructional plans that are capable of activating learners’ critical thinking skills as specific to the various subject domains. The second phase of the research adopted a qualitative design within the tradition of constructionist grounded theory. For the data collection, theoretical sampling was used to select 54 key informants who participated in ethnographic interviews to generate ideas for a contextualised theoretical and operational definition of critical thinking among various stakeholders in Uganda. The findings from that study were instrumental in the development, in the second phase of the research, of a contextualised taxonomy of critical thinking that was relevant for implementing teaching–learning methodologies that foster critical thinking skills and offer teachers tools for assessing learners’ acquisition of these competences. The third phase of the study adopted a professional development action research design; it was implemented in Uganda with 16 secondary school teachers of mathematics, English and history. The results showed how over a period of 7 months, the teachers acquired knowledge of critical thinking skills and enhanced their competence in developing coherent lesson plans that presented teaching strategies that fostered critical thinking skills. The teachers also showed improved ability to reflect on the output of their work in terms of instructional design and lesson delivery, greater levels of mind-openness, and greater readiness to be corrected and to give suggestions to their colleagues. Moreover, they exhibited improved ability to reflect on their teaching strategies to verify the effectiveness of their work in relation to the learners’ competencies and outcomes. The intervention promoted a shift in the teachers’ beliefs and approaches to education, and changed their perspective on what should be taught in class and how. The students participating in the lessons that teachers had designed highlighted that the way teachers implemented the classroom activities kept them engaged throughout the lesson and that teachers’ instructional strategies improved their thinking skills. This study provides evidence that contextualised research-based professional development that is sustained, participatory, and adequately supported can have a significant impact on fostering critical thinking in the classroom.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_848840.pdf
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Descrizione: A contextualised approach to understanding and fostering critical thinking in Ugandan secondary schools: Evidence from a teacher professional development action research study
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Doctoral thesis
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