In the agri-food sector, food frauds are increasing every year and there is a demand from the consumer to better understand food products. A suitable bio-molecular identification and traceability system could be used to assess the quality of raw materials up to the finished food products to guarantee the consumer on the identity of the products purchased. DNA testing is a methodology frequently used in the food field, especially DNA barcoding methodology. However, DNA barcoding technique has some limits in the complex food products analysis. Industrial treatments could alter DNA quality of raw material, therefore this analysis could be challenging to apply. Furthermore, DNA barcoding cannot be applied for multispecies products because is feasible only for monospecies products. Finally, DNA barcoding is time-consuming and expensive. Starting from these limits, the main objective of this PhD project was to identify and test innovative biomolecular analyses for the identity assessment of raw materials and processed food products. Three lines of research have been developed in this PhD thesis. In the first line of research was evaluated whether DNA barcoding can be applied to trace the plant component in food supplements from the starting raw material to the finished processed products. We selected a panel of 64 phytoextracts and intermediate of production obtained through three different extraction methods with different solvents. We sequenced and analysed the sequence variability at DNA barcoding and mini-barcoding marker regions. Phytoextracts obtained through hydroalcoholic treatment, with the lower percentage of ethanol and aqueous processing had a major rate of identification. This study proves that DNA barcoding is a useful tool for some typology of food supplement traceability. A second limit that occurs in the food market is related to multispecies products, because DNA barcoding does not allow to analyse them. In the second line of research we wanted to test DNA metabarcoding to characterize plant declared ingredients or contaminants in five categories of commercial insect-based products. The same approach has been used to assess its sensitivity to cases of contamination and counterfeits in insect flour with low cost (and potentially allergenic) vegetable flours like wheat and soybean. Moreover, also the bacteria profile was evaluated. The DNA metabarcoding analysis revealed a high efficacy as a screening method to identify both plant ingredients and possible adulteration events. Concerning the bacteria profile, our data revealed that some bacteria formed a “core microbiome” characterizing the products depending on the insect, suggesting that a resident microbiota is conserved. In order to evaluate the application of DNA metabarcoding also for herbal teas traceability, we analysed fifteen commercial herbal teas to identify all the species in the products and verify the correspondence with the label. Furthermore, to verify the quantitative ability of DNA-metabarcoding, we created six mocks mixture with different percentages of five species of different matrices both starting from raw material and genomic DNA. For all the samples we tested two different markers. Results showed that not all the species declared on the label was found and we were able to detect some contaminants. The two markers were able to detect different species: some species were detected only by one marker, others only by the other. For future analyses it would be necessary to use both the markers to obtain better results in traceability. In conclusion in this line of research we defined that DNA metabarcoding is a valuable method for food supply chain traceability. The third line of research aimed to create a mock-up for truffle identification using the LAMP technique, an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique. This low-cost kit allows the identification of the white truffles T.magnatum in a total of 90 minutes.
Nel settore agroalimentare, le frodi alimentari aumentano ogni anno e i consumatori richiedono prodotti più controllati. Un sistema di identificazione e tracciabilità biomolecolare potrebbe essere utilizzato per valutare la qualità delle materie prime e dei prodotti alimentari finiti. Il test del DNA è una metodologia molto utilizzata nel campo alimentare, in particolare la metodologia del DNA barcoding. Tuttavia, il DNA barcoding ha alcuni limiti nell'analisi dei prodotti alimentari complessi. I trattamenti industriali potrebbero alterare la qualità del DNA della materia prima e questa analisi potrebbe essere difficile da applicare. Inoltre, il DNA barcoding non può essere applicato per prodotti multispecie. Infine, il DNA barcoding è un’analisi lunga e costosa. Partendo da questi limiti, l'obiettivo principale di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quello di identificare e testare analisi biomolecolari innovative per la valutazione dell'identità delle materie prime e dei prodotti alimentari trasformati. In particolare, sono state sviluppate tre linee di ricerca. Nella prima linea di ricerca è stato valutato se il DNA barcoding può essere applicato per tracciare la componente vegetale negli integratori alimentari, a partire dalla materia prima di partenza fino ai prodotti lavorati finiti. Abbiamo selezionato un pannello di 64 fitoestratti e intermedi di produzione ottenuti attraverso tre diversi metodi di estrazione con diversi solventi. Abbiamo sequenziato sia regioni del DNA barcoding che del DNA mini-barcoding. I fitoestratti ottenuti attraverso il trattamento idroalcolico, con la percentuale più bassa di etanolo e con solventi acquosi hanno avuto un tasso di identificazione maggiore. Questo studio dimostra che il DNA barcoding è uno strumento utile per tracciare alcune tipologie di integratori alimentari. Un secondo limite che si verifica nel mercato alimentare è relativo ai prodotti multispecie, perché il DNA barcoding non consente di analizzarli. Nella seconda linea di ricerca abbiamo voluto testare il DNA-metabarcoding per caratterizzare ingredienti dell’etichetta vegetali o contaminanti in 5 categorie di prodotti commerciali a base di insetti. Lo stesso approccio è stato utilizzato per valutare la sua sensibilità ai casi di contaminazione e contraffazione nella farina di insetti con farine vegetali a basso costo (e potenzialmente allergeniche) come il grano e la soia. Inoltre, è stato valutato anche il profilo batterico. L'analisi del DNA-metabarcoding ha rivelato un'elevata efficacia come metodo di screening per identificare sia gli ingredienti vegetali che i possibili eventi di adulterazione. Per quanto riguarda il profilo batterico, i dati hanno rivelato che alcuni batteri formano un "core microbioma" che caratterizza i prodotti a seconda dell'insetto, suggerendo la presenza un microbiota conservato. Al fine di valutare l'applicazione del DNA-metabarcoding anche per la tracciabilità delle tisane, abbiamo analizzato 15 tisane commerciali per identificare tutte le specie presenti nei prodotti e verificare la corrispondenza con l'etichetta. Abbiamo testato due diversi marker. I risultati hanno mostrato che non tutte le specie dichiarate sull'etichetta sono state trovate ma sono stati rilevati alcuni contaminanti. I due marcatori sono stati in grado di rilevare specie diverse: alcune specie sono state rilevate solo da un marcatore, alcune solo dall'altro. Per analisi future sarebbe necessario utilizzare entrambi i marker per ottenere migliori risultati di tracciabilità. In questa ricerca abbiamo definito che il DNA-metabarcoding è un metodo prezioso per la tracciabilità della catena di approvvigionamento alimentare. La terza linea di ricerca mirava a creare un mock-up per l'identificazione del tartufo utilizzando la LAMP, una tecnica di amplificazione isotermica degli acidi nucleici. Questo kit a basso costo permette l'identificazione del tartufo bianco T.magnatum in un totale di 90 minuti
(2021). Towards food traceability: discovering biomolecular technologies for complex food products. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
Towards food traceability: discovering biomolecular technologies for complex food products
FRIGERIO, JESSICA
2021
Abstract
In the agri-food sector, food frauds are increasing every year and there is a demand from the consumer to better understand food products. A suitable bio-molecular identification and traceability system could be used to assess the quality of raw materials up to the finished food products to guarantee the consumer on the identity of the products purchased. DNA testing is a methodology frequently used in the food field, especially DNA barcoding methodology. However, DNA barcoding technique has some limits in the complex food products analysis. Industrial treatments could alter DNA quality of raw material, therefore this analysis could be challenging to apply. Furthermore, DNA barcoding cannot be applied for multispecies products because is feasible only for monospecies products. Finally, DNA barcoding is time-consuming and expensive. Starting from these limits, the main objective of this PhD project was to identify and test innovative biomolecular analyses for the identity assessment of raw materials and processed food products. Three lines of research have been developed in this PhD thesis. In the first line of research was evaluated whether DNA barcoding can be applied to trace the plant component in food supplements from the starting raw material to the finished processed products. We selected a panel of 64 phytoextracts and intermediate of production obtained through three different extraction methods with different solvents. We sequenced and analysed the sequence variability at DNA barcoding and mini-barcoding marker regions. Phytoextracts obtained through hydroalcoholic treatment, with the lower percentage of ethanol and aqueous processing had a major rate of identification. This study proves that DNA barcoding is a useful tool for some typology of food supplement traceability. A second limit that occurs in the food market is related to multispecies products, because DNA barcoding does not allow to analyse them. In the second line of research we wanted to test DNA metabarcoding to characterize plant declared ingredients or contaminants in five categories of commercial insect-based products. The same approach has been used to assess its sensitivity to cases of contamination and counterfeits in insect flour with low cost (and potentially allergenic) vegetable flours like wheat and soybean. Moreover, also the bacteria profile was evaluated. The DNA metabarcoding analysis revealed a high efficacy as a screening method to identify both plant ingredients and possible adulteration events. Concerning the bacteria profile, our data revealed that some bacteria formed a “core microbiome” characterizing the products depending on the insect, suggesting that a resident microbiota is conserved. In order to evaluate the application of DNA metabarcoding also for herbal teas traceability, we analysed fifteen commercial herbal teas to identify all the species in the products and verify the correspondence with the label. Furthermore, to verify the quantitative ability of DNA-metabarcoding, we created six mocks mixture with different percentages of five species of different matrices both starting from raw material and genomic DNA. For all the samples we tested two different markers. Results showed that not all the species declared on the label was found and we were able to detect some contaminants. The two markers were able to detect different species: some species were detected only by one marker, others only by the other. For future analyses it would be necessary to use both the markers to obtain better results in traceability. In conclusion in this line of research we defined that DNA metabarcoding is a valuable method for food supply chain traceability. The third line of research aimed to create a mock-up for truffle identification using the LAMP technique, an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique. This low-cost kit allows the identification of the white truffles T.magnatum in a total of 90 minutes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Towards food traceability: discovering biomolecular technologies for complex food products
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Doctoral thesis
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